Bellwork Write down anything you know about the following: – Pericles – Peloponnesian War – Direct Democracy – Tragedy, Comedy, or Classical Art – Aristotle, Socrates, or Plato Be prepared to discuss these at the beginning of class.

World History Section 3, Unit 5 Ancient Greece p. 3 Reading assignment: From The Republic, by Plato

Review What did we talk about the last time we discussed Greece? – Name the two city-states. – What was life like in both city-state – What was their government style? – Who did they go to war with and what was the outcome?

Objectives Explain the artistic achievements and changes during Athens’ golden age. Identify the difference between a tragedy and comedy. Explain what lead up to, the outcome, and the consequences of the Peloponnesian War. Identify three major Greek philosophers and their philosophies.

Athens’ Golden Age After the Persian War, between 480 and 430 B.C., Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning. These new achievements during Athens’ Golden Age would continue to inspire and instruct people for centuries to come. The leader of Athens for most of its’ golden age was a statesman named Pericles (pear- eh-klees).

Pericles A wise and strong statesman named Pericles led Athens during the golden age. Described as “honest and fair”, he held on to popular support for 32 years.

Pericles The period in which he led B.C.- is sometimes referred to as the Age of Pericles. Pericles had three goals for Athens: – (1) stronger democracy, – (2) strengthen the empire – (3) glorification of Athens.

(1) Stronger Democracy To strengthen democracy, Pericles increased the number of paid public officials. Before, only wealthy citizens could hold office (because those positions were unpaid), but Pericles increased the number of paid positions.

(1) Stronger Democracy Average citizens could be elected or randomly selected for these positions and, consequently, Pericles’ new reforms made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history– however, political rights were still limited to citizenship.

Comparison Athenian Democracy – Direct Democracy – Citizens, male, 18, are citizens if parents are – Laws voted on and proposed directly by citizens – Leader chose by lot – Executive branch composed of council of 500 men – Juries varied in size – No attorneys, appeals– one day trials U.S. Democracy – Representative Democracy – Citizens born in US are citizens – Representatives elected to propose and vote – Elected president – Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials – Juries composed of 12 jurors – Defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys Both – Political power in the citizens – Three branches of government – Legislative branch passes laws – Executive branch carries out laws – Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors

Effect of Democracy The formation of direct democracy was an important legacy of Pericles’ Athens. In Athens, male citizens who served in the assembly established all the important government policies.

(2) Stronger Athenian Empire Pericles tried to enlarge the wealth and power of Athens. He used money from the Delian League’s treasury to build Athens’ 200-ship navy into a stronger force.

Naval Force Because of the new naval force, Athens was able to expand its’ sea trade and gain newfound wealth, food, and raw materials. Trireme

(3) Glorification of Athens Lastly, Pericles used money from the empire to beautify Athens. He persuaded the Athenian assembly to use the Delian Leagues’ money- without their permission- to buy gold, ivory, and marble. For 15 years, a small army of artisans worked to create beautiful structures and art in Athens. Parthenon

Classical Art The Parthenon, although a masterpiece of architecture and design, was not novel. The style of the Parthenon was very traditional. Rather, it was the art- including the statue of Athena (which was subsequently lost)- that was inside the Parthenon that would define the importance and legacy of Classical Art- the art style of the Greeks that valued order, balance, and proportion.

Classical Art (cont.) In Greece, the artisans aimed to create figures in their sculptures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed. Their faces showed no emotion, just serenity and the Greeks focused heavily on the beauty of the human body. – The Greeks began to value the human form in their art very early on in their society.

Classical Art What major differences do you see in this art? Ancient Greek Classical Greece

Greek Architecture The architecture of Greece was also designed to glorify Athens. The architecture of Greece is differentiated by its size, elegance of proportions, and use of light to effect the way it is seen at any angle. Theatre

Greek Drama The Greeks invented drama and build the first theatres in the west. – The Greeks developed two types of dramas: tragedy and comedy

Greek Drama Theatrical productions were an expression of civic pride and tribute to the gods. Actors wore colorful costumes, masks, and sets to dramatize stories about leadership, justice, and duties.

Tragedy A tragedy was a serious drama with common themes- such as love, hate, war or betrayal. Often, they had a main character or tragic hero. The hero usually was an important person and had great skills, but these skills would usually be offset by one great weakness- error in judgment or personality defect- that would cause the hero’s downfall. Examples include: – Oedipus The King – Antigone

Comedy In contrast, a comedy was a work that was filled with slap-stick and crude humor. Many Greek comedies were satire (works that poke fun at a subject). Often, writers of a comedy made fun of customs, politics, respected people, or ideas.

Question If Athens is becoming more powerful during this time, both in military strength and economically, how do you think Sparta would react?

Beginnings of a War Tensions between Athens and Sparta had been building for years. Sparta became hostile as Athens increased its’ naval power. Many people in both cities felt that the war was inevitable and, instead of attempting to prevent it, leaders in both sides pressed for war to begin.

Peloponnesian War In 431 B.C., Sparta declared war against Athens. At that point, the Peloponnesian War began.

Sea v. Land Athens had sea power and believed it best to attack Sparta at sea. Sparta, being far too inland to be attacked at sea, focused their attacks on land.

Sparta gains an edge Eventually, the Spartan’s marched into Athenian territory and burned their food supplies. Pericles brought residents from the countryside into Athens to defend the city.

Sparta gains an edge Pericles also commanded that all Athenians come and hide behind Athens’ great wall– this wall connected it to a nearby port. The city would also be safe from hunger as long as their ports were open, which Sparta had difficulty closing without a stronger naval power.

Sparta gains an edge (cont.) However, two events would spell disaster for Athens: – A plague swept through Athens, killing one to two thirds of the population, including Pericles. – In 415 B.C., Athens’ assembly sent a fleet of 27,000 soldiers to destroy the polis of Syracuse, one of Sparta’s wealthiest allies. The expedition experienced a unmistakable defeat in 413 B.C.

Athens loss Despite continuing to fend off Sparta for another 9 years, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C. after 27 years of war. The war brought about extreme changes in Athens: – Athens lost its empire, power, and wealth. – As well, the general confidence in a democratic government began to falter and future leaders proved to be weak, corrupt, or traitorous.

Philosophers In this time of questioning and uncertainty, several great thinkers appeared. They attempted to seek the truth, no matter where the search led them.

Philosophers The Greeks called these people “philosophers”, meaning “lovers of wisdom”. The Greek thinkers worked on two assumptions: – (1) the universe was put together in an orderly way with unchanging laws – (2) people can understand these laws through logic and reason.

Socrates He believed that absolute standards existed for truth and justice (in another words, there are no measurements of truth and justice).

Socrates He encouraged Greeks to question themselves and their moral character. – He also pushed that people should think about their values and actions. – For such thoughts, he was ultimately sentenced to death for “corrupting” the citizenry.

Plato A student of Socrates, Plato created The Republic, a government concept in which all citizens fit into three groups in a non- democratic government system: – Farmers and artisans – Warriors – The ruling class the person with the greatest insight and intellect should be chosen as king.

Aristotle Aristotle, a student of Plato, questioned the nature of the world and of human belief.

Aristotle He invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic. He later applied his method to problems in the field of science and mathematics, which would later provide the basis for the scientific method.

Legacy of the Philosophers Over the next 1,500 years, the works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and numerous other philosophers would dictate science, math, and philosophical thought in Europe. It would not be until the Scientific Revolution long after the Middle Ages that Europeans would grow and move away from the Greek philosophies.

Video Please watch the following video (The Persians & Greeks) and consider the following:video – Were the Persians “evil”? – Did the Greeks consider themselves “Greek”? – Should Greece have won the Persian Wars? Could the Persians have continued to thrive? Do we want to be in an empirical system of rule? Could that avoided future empires after them?

Review the Objectives Explain the artistic achievements and changes during Athens’ golden age. Identify the difference between a tragedy and comedy. Explain what lead up to, the outcome, and the consequences of the Peloponnesian War. Identify three major Greek philosophers and their philosophies. – Socrates – Plato – Aristotle

Questions If you have any questions, please ask now.

Next Lesson In the next lesson, we will discuss one of Aristotle's most famous students, Alexander, son of King Philip of Macedonia. Alexander, after his tutelage from Aristotle, would soon become one of the most powerful and famous rulers in human history.

Review 1.Why did Sparta go to war with Athens? How did Sparta’s victory affect Athens? 2.What two events allowed Sparta to defeat Athens in the Peloponnesian War? 3.What were Pericles three goals for Athens? 4.What was the focus in Greek classical art? 5.Describe one difference between modern Representative Democracy and Athenian style of democracy. 6.Who did Plato argue should rule (what kind of person)? Do you agree? Why or why not? 7.What was the long term legacy of the Greek philosophers on European thought?