GMSK - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GMSK is a form of continuous-phase FSK, in which the phase is changed between symbols to provide a constant envelope. The RF bandwidth is controlled by the Gaussian low-pass filter bandwidth. The degree of filtering is expressed by multiplying the filter 3dB bandwidth by the bit period of the transmission, ie. by BT. As bandwidth of this filter is lowered the amount of intersymbol-interference introduced increases. GMSK allows efficient class C non-linear amplifiers to be used, however even with a low BT value its bandwidth efficiency is less than filtered QPSK. - GMSK generally achieves a bandwidth efficiency less than 0.7 bits per second per Hz (QPSK can be as high as 1.6 bits per second per Hz).

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) MSK possible phase transitions MSK phase transitions for data: (00111000...) In MSK phase ramps up through 90 degrees for a binary one, and down 90 degrees for a binary zero. For GMSK transmission, a Gaussian pre-modulation baseband filter is used to suppress the high frequency components in the data. The degree of out-of-band suppression is controlled by the BT product.

GMSK Pulse Shapes and ISI GMSK Signals GMSK conceptual transmitter In MSK , the BT is infinity and this allows the square bit transients to directly modulate the VCO. In GMSK, low values of BT create significant intersymbol interference (ISI). In the diagram, the portion of the symbol energy a acts as ISI for adjacent symbols. If BT is less than 0.3, some form of combating the ISI is required. GMSK, BT=0.5 MSK GMSK BT=0.3 GMSK Pulse Shapes and ISI

GMSK Spectra GMSK has a main lobe 1.5 times that of QPSK. GMSK generally achieves a bandwidth efficiency less than 0.7 bits per second per Hz (QPSK can be as high as 1.6 bits per second per Hz).

Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem For error free communication, it is possible to define the capacity which can be supported in an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. fb/W = log2(1 + Eb fb /hW) where fb = Capacity (bits per second) W = bandwidth of the modulating baseband signal (Hz) Eb = energy per bit h = noise power density (watts/Hz) thus Ebfb = total signal power hW = total noise power fb/W = bandwidth efficiency (bits per second per Hz)

Comparison of Modulation Schemes This graph shows that bandwidth efficiency is traded off against power efficiency. MFSK is power efficient, but not bandwidth efficient. MPSK and QAM are bandwidth efficient but not power efficient. Mobile radio systems are bandwidth limited, therefore PSK is more suited. bits/s/Hz vs. Eb/h for Probability of Error = 10-5 taken from “Principle of Communication Systems” Taub & Schilling, page 482

Comparison of Modulation types

Spectral Efficiencies in practical radios GSM- Digital Cellular Data Rate = 270kb/s, bandwidth = 200kHz Bandwidth Efficiency = 270/200 =1.35bits/sec/Hz Modulation: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (FSK with orthogonal frequencies). “Gaussian” refers to filter response. IS-54 North American Digital Cellular Data Rate = 48kb/s, bandwidth = 30kHz Bandwidth Efficiency = 48/30 =1.6bits/sec/Hz Modulation: p/4 DPSK

Coherent Reception An estimate of the channel phase and attenuation is recovered. It is then possible to reproduce the transmitted signal, and demodulate. It is necessary to have an accurate version of the carrier, otherwise errors are introduced. Carrier recovery methods include: Pilot Tone (such as Transparent Tone in Band) Less power in information bearing signal High peak-to-mean power ratio Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation Carrier Recovery (such as Costas loop) The carrier is recovered from the information signal

Differential Reception In the transmitter, each symbol is modulated relative to the previous symbol, for example in differential BPSK: 0 = no change 1 = +180o In the receiver, the current symbol is demodulated using the previous symbol as a reference. The previous symbol acts as an estimate of the channel. Differential reception is theoretical 3dB poorer than coherent. This is because the differential system has two sources of error: a corrupted symbol, and a corrupted reference (the previous symbol). Non-coherent reception is often easier to implement.