Exxon Valdez oil spill [EVOS] legacy: Synthesis of long-term ecosystem responses Riki Ott, Charles H. “Pete” Peterson & Stanley “Jeep” Rice

Theme: Chronic effects of decade-long contamination of key shoreline habitats and indirect interactions are important 1994 EVOS oil, Prince William Sound, AK

Delayed, chronic, and indirect effects of shoreline oiling/treatment Treat EVOS as an ecosystem perturbation Capitalize on vast research effort Synthesis focused on shoreline habitats Contrast of NRDA based on old ecotoxicity risk models vs. field-based sampling

Assumptions about oil toxicology in 1989 Alaska's Water Quality Standard for PAHs was 10 ppb and provided conservative protection of natural resources Oil toxicity declined very rapidly in a matter of days/weeks Acute toxicity tests of lab animals adequately predicted risk Contact with feathers and fur was the only significant route of injury to birds and mammals Oil spill impacts could be assessed on a species-by-species basis with no regard for dependencies within the ecosystem

Contrasting terms Acute vs. Chronic exposure (= short- vs. long-term) Lethal vs. Sublethal impacts (= mortality vs. growth, reproduction, body condition) Immediate vs. Delayed response (= rapid vs. postponed) Direct vs. Indirect effect (= A  B vs. A  C  B) Trophic cascade vs. Biogenic habitat loss (= change in predator affects its prey, which affects its prey, etc. vs. change in an organism that provides structural living space for other organisms)

Benefits of EVOS field sampling approach Employs statistical sampling design Integrates responses across all mechanisms Includes chronic effects on long time scales Includes interactions of oil and other stressors Includes indirect interactions from trophic cascades, habitat modifications, etc.

Synthesis of long- term ecosystem responses Shows old assumptions of oil ecotoxicity to be inadequate Weathered oil persists Weathered oil remains bioavailable in important environments Weathered oil (multi-ring PAHs) induces toxicity during chronic exposure

Water column PAH contamination after EVOS Low (1-8 ppb) even during weeks 1-5 in 1989 Essentially below detection by end of summer 1989 using traditional water sampling But filter-feeding mussels revealed exposure and bioavailability even into summer 1992 via filtration of contaminated particulates

Persistence of oil Asphalts high on shore - biologically inactive Biologically available pockets in protected sites for >10 yrs –Under armor of mussel beds with relatively unweathered oil contaminating mussels at least into summer 1994 at study’s end –In groundwater of deltas of anadromous streams yrs later –In sediments among boulders on oiled beaches for yrs Transported on particles to shallow subtidal where elevated PAHs persisted until 1995 at study’s end

Is the oil still there? 2001 Survey Results: 91 sites with 9,000 total pits - 53 sites with oil - 38 sites without oil N

Distribution of oil 12 years later Upper intertidal Biological zone (lower intertidal) Oil below sampling grid = Yes How far down = ? Tidal zone (m) < 1m Surface oil (# of pits) Subsurface oil (# of pits)

Shoreline treatments Intense in 1989, 1990 summers with some extending into 1991 Invasive including wiping surfaces, pressurized washes with hot and cold water, bioremediation, rock washing, tilling, and berm relocation Had major impacts on shoreline habitat, plants and animals

Direct effects on rocky intertidal species Fucus removal - high and mid shore Limpet Tectura persona decline high on shore Balanoid barnacle decline Blue mussel decline Periwinkle Littorina sitkana decline Drilling predator Nucella lamellosa decline Main cause - pressurized washing

Indirect effects on rocky intertidal community Modest bloom of ephemeral algae in absence of Fucus competition and with low grazing Absent nearby canopy, Fucus spore arrival is limited and recruits desiccate high on shore Opportunistic barnacle colonizes heavily Fucus colonizing barnacle tests is uprooted Fucus expansion into low shore inhibits red algae unoiled oiled & not cleaned oiled & cleaned % cover Fucus Red algae

Possible indirect effects on rocky intertidal Potential induction of unstable cycle in Fucus cover as single-aged colonist plants senesce in synchrony 5 yrs later Reduction of biogenic habitat normally provided by Fucus and blue mussels impacts gastropods and smaller invertebrates