Kinetic-Molecular Theory States that matter is made up of many tiny particles that are always in motion.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory The particles move faster in hot matter than in cold matter.

Conduction The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a solid or liquid

Convection The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a gas

Radiation The process of heat being transferred as waves

Temperature Depends on the Kinetic Energy of the particles moving around

Thermometer Measures the number of times the particles hit the bulb of the thermometer

Thermal Equilibrium The temperature of something which is the average number of hits by the particles

Absolute Zero The temperature at which the particles no longer move

Kelvin Temperature scale based on the idea of absolute zero. The lowest number is 0.

Heat The energy that flows as a result of a difference in temperature.

Specific Heat The amount of energy that must be added to raise the temperature of a unit mass one temperature unit

Calorimeter A device used to measure changes in thermal energy.

Thermodynamics The study of how heat is transferred and reacts

Melting Point The exact temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid

Heat of Fusion The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature to the point where it melts a solid into a liquid

Boiling Point The exact temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas

Heat of Vaporization The amount of energy needed to vaporize a liquid into a gas and to continue raising the temperature.

Heating Curve for Water 120 °C steam 100 °C water  steam 50°C liquid water 0 °C ice  liquid -10 °C ice Heat added 

First Law of Thermodynamics The total increase in thermal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it.

Second Law of Thermodynamics Natural processes go in a direction that increases the total entropy of the universe

Scale A determined measurement with a distinct base line.

Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Rankine

Temperature Conversion o F= o C o C=0.56( o F-32) K= o C o C=K R= o F o F=R

Celsius Temperature scale based on the idea of water freezing at 0 o.

Fahrenheit Temperature scale based on the idea of a ice water and salt mixture being 0 o.

Rankine Temperature scale base on the idea of absolute zero. Based off of Fahrenheit. Absolute zero is equal to o F.

Heat and Energy- Joule (J) Specific Heat- JK/kg Energy- calorie (cal) Heat from food- Calorie (Cal) Heat of fusion and vaporization- J/kg 1 cal = 4.18J 1Cal = 1kcal = 1000cal

Entropy Measure of disorder in a system. It is also the measure of heat change in a system.

Radioactivity Decay, or breaking apart, of unstable elements such as uranium and thorium, resulting in the release of high-energy particles

Radioactivity can give off Alpha Particles α Beta Particles β Gamma Rays γ

Alpha Particle

Beta Particle

There are four categories which forces are placed.