EPITHELIAL TISSUE Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Simple Stratified

Simple squamous: air sacs of lungs, diffusion

Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules, filtration

Simple columnar: lining of intestines, secretion and absorption

Stratified Squamous: skin, lining of mouth, esophagus and rectum, protection

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, lines respiratory tract, secretion

Epithelial Quiz Simple squamous tissue

Exocrine Glands: secrete to ducts that lead into or out of the body Merocrine: exocytosis, eccrine sweat glands, salivary, pancreas, etc Apocrine: tip pinches off, axillary and groin sweat glands Holocrine: cells rupture when secrete, oil glands

Endocrine: secrete to blood Apocrine: apex pinches off like a Hershey kiss

Classification of Body Membranes Slide 4.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Epithelial membranes  Cutaneous membrane  Mucous membrane  Serous membrane  Connective tissue membranes

Cutaneous Membrane Slide 4.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cutaneous membrane = skin  A dry membrane  Outermost protective boundary  Superficial epidermis  Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium  Underlying dermis  Mostly dense connective tissue Figure 4.1a

Mucous Membranes Slide 4.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Surface epithelium  Type depends on site  Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)  Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface  Often adapted for absorption/secretion Figure 4.1b

Serous Membranes Slide 4.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Surface simple squamous epithelium  Underlying areolar connective tissue  Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body  Serous layers separated by serous fluid Figure 4.1c

Serous Membranes Parietal: against the body wall (side) Visceral: on the organs (guts)

Serous Membranes Heart: visceral and parietal pericardium Lungs: visceral and parietal pleura Intestines: visceral and parietal peritoneum

Functions of skin Protects deeper tissues from: Mechanical damage Chemical damage Bacterial damage Thermal damage Ultraviolet radiation Desiccation

Skin functions continued Aids in heat regulation Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid Synthesizes vitamin D

Skin coloring Melanin Yellow, brown or black pigments Carotene Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables Hemoglobin Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Review of Skin Layers Epidermis: epithelial tissue Stratum Corneum (cells full of keratin, dead) Stratum Lucidum (only in palms and soles) Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosus Stratum Basale (only mitotic layer, contains melanocytes

Dermis: Connective Tissue Papillary layer: vascular, fingerprints Reticular layer: Contains structures (sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, etc) Hypodermis: Adipose tissue for insulation and cushioning

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Most are attached by tendons to bones  Cells are multinucleate  Striated – have visible banding  Voluntary – subject to conscious control  Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Has striations  Usually has a single nucleus  Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc  Involuntary  Found only in the heart Figure 6.2b

Smooth Muscle Characteristics Slide 6.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Has no striations  Spindle-shaped cells  Single nucleus  Involuntary – no conscious control  Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs Figure 6.2a

Connective Tissue Characteristics Variations in blood supply Some tissue types are well vascularized Some have poor blood supply or are avascular Extracellular matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Connective Tissue Found everywhere in the body Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Functions Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection