Classical Oration.  Structure in arguments defines which parts go where.  People don’t always agree about what parts an argument should include or what.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Argumentation.
Advertisements

Structuring and Analyzing Arguments: The Classical and Toulmin, Models Junior AP English September 23, 2008.
OCTOBER 25, 2010 PLEASE TAKE YOUR PAPERS FROM THE FOLDERS. (DO NOT LEAVE THEM, TAKE THEM WITH YOU.) YOUR MIDTERM WILL BE RETURNED TO YOU ON WEDNESDAY.
The Argumentative Essay
Cicero: Considered the greatest of ancient Roman Orators
Components of Rhetoric – Aristotle’s Triangle Speaker MessageAudience.
An Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means
Chapter 6.  Writing addressed to a well-informed audience about a topic  Attempts to convey a clear and compelling point in a somewhat formal style.
Structuring and Analyzing Arguments: The Classical, Toulmin, and Rogerian and Ad Herennium Models.
Key Terms: Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
STRUCTURES: ARGUMENTATION ENGL 1301 & 1302 Dr. R. Ramos Revised 10/29/2014.
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF WRITING PARAGRAPHING. WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH? “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit” Can be a group of sentences.
Three Methods for Building Arguments
The Agenda Review structure of arguments Practice coming up with claims, reasons and warrants Proposal Arguments Discuss the next writing assignment.
After carefully considering the visual argument below, write an argument either condoning or refuting this idea. Add support of your own to strengthen.
Structuring Arguments. Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning – the process of generalizing on the basis of a number of specific examples Ex. I get hives.
Structuring Arguments
Persuasion Getting people to agree with you Part II: Types of Arguments.
5 Canons of Rhetoric. Aristotle’s Five Traditional Canons of Rhetoric 1.Invention 2.Arrangement 3.Style 4.Memory 5.Delivery.
Terms of Logic and Types of Argument AP English Language and Composition.
Structuring Arguments. Structuring arguments  Defines which parts go where  Logical arguments described as:  Inductive reasoning  Deductive reasoning:
AP Lang and Comp Ms. Bugasch November 5, 2013 “E” Day Goals 1.Finish political cartoon presentations.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Art of Critical Reading Mather ● McCarthy Part 4 Reading Critically Chapter 12 Evaluating.
Greek and Roman Rhetoric THE CLASSICAL ORATION. 1.Exordium: The speaker/writer tries to win the attention and good will of an audience while introducing.
Persuasion Getting people to agree with you Part I: Organizing your paper.
Communicating Effectively.  Etymology: Middle English rethorik, from Anglo-French rethorique, from Latin rhetorica, from Greek rhētorikē, literally,
The Language of Composition Chapter 1: Using the Available Means AP English Language and Composition.
RHETORIC.
Lend me your minds A classical look at the art of public speaking.
Overview of Argumentation
RHETORIC “The art of finding the available means of persuasion in a given case” - Aristotle.
Argument “The end of argument or discussion should be, not victory, but enlightenment.” --Joseph Joubert.
Language of Composition Chapter 1. Key Terms Rhetoric Rhetoric Audience Audience Context Context Purpose Purpose Bias Bias Thesis Thesis Claim Claim Assertion.
Classical Rhetoric MODERN INTERPRETATION.  America is defined by materialism and wealth with 85% of the population having expectations to make salaries.
Suzanne Webb Lansing Community College WRIT122 January 11, 2010.
The Classical Model of Rhetoric (oratory, later written)
Argument What is required?. Argument – the essentials Claim – a statement that expresses a point of view on a debatable topic “the exact wording of the.
Intro to Argument Appeals to Reason, Emotion, and Ethics Direct and Indirect Arguments.
{ Digging Deeper Into Argumentation.  Determining a clear structure helps with clarity  Similarities found between published engineering reports and.
The Classical Model for Argumentation. Organization Classical rhetoricians call this arrangement since you must consider how your essay and its individual.
The Open Prompt: Timing 1-3 minutes reading and working the prompt. 3 minutes deciding on a position minutes planning the support of your position.
Classical Rhetoric By the time we’re through… It won’t be all Greek to you Maybe more like Latin.
PROPOSALS LESSON #17. WRITING TIP OF THE DAY – CAPITALS For proper nouns (names of people, places, publications, titles, etc.), always capitalize the.
Argument Organization
Introduction to Rhetoric chapter one. Rhetoric *definition: the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion *rhetoric is.
CLASSICAL ORATION INDUCTION DEDUCTION TOULMIN MODEL
Lecture 10 - ARGUMENT.
Three Methods for Building Arguments
Everything’s An Argument
Persuasive Speaking Structures and Appeals
Structuring Arguments English 1301
Introduction to Argument and Rhetoric
Shaping Argument: 4 Ways
The Classical Model fifth century B.C., the classical argument- Roman court system a model for writers and speakers For those who believe their case can.
Introduction to Argument and Rhetoric
Cicero: Considered the greatest of ancient Roman Orators
Language of Composition
Constructing Arguments
…or, “Stop your lippy attitude.”
Everything’s An Argument
Classical Oration Argument.
The Persuasive Speech Ch. 24.
Key Terms: Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Key Terms: Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
The Classical Model for Argumentation
Argument Organization: Classical Model
Cicero: Considered the greatest of ancient Roman Orators
Organization.
Cicero: Considered the greatest of ancient Roman Orators
September 25, 2017 AP English 3 Mr. Bell
Presentation transcript:

Classical Oration

 Structure in arguments defines which parts go where.  People don’t always agree about what parts an argument should include or what the arrangement should be.

 In arguments, a method of leading a reader to a logical conclusion must be employed: ◦ inductive reasoning ◦ deductive reasoning  In most arguments, these two structures work together.

Induction & Deduction

 The process of generalizing on the basis of a number of specific examples.  In making inductive arguments, first present the evidence and then the inductive conclusion.

Evidence: I get hives after eating crawdads. My mouth swells when I eat clams. Shrimp triggers my asthma. Conclusion: Shellfish makes me ill.

 A conclusion is reached by assuming a general principle (major premise) and then applying that principle to a specific case (minor premise). This forms a chain of reasoning called a syllogism.

Major Premise: Shellfish makes me ill. Minor Premise: Lobster is a type of shellfish Therefore: Lobster will make me ill.

 Most people shorten syllogisms by leaving out the middle term when it seems obvious.  Example: Since all shellfish makes me ill, eating lobster will make me ill. Syllogisms shortened this way are called enthymemes.

 Constructing sound inductive and deductive arguments and presenting them clearly will influence most audiences.  But arguments involve more than just tight reasoning.

 You will also need to: ◦ define claims, ◦ explain contexts, ◦ defend your assumptions, ◦ offer convincing evidence, ◦ deal with people who may disagree with you, ◦ and more.

An Ancient Greek and Roman Structure

 A sequence of six parts: ◦ Exordium ◦ Narratio ◦ Partitio ◦ Confirmatio ◦ Refutatio ◦ Peroratio Aristotle

 Win the attention and goodwill of an audience while introducing a subject or problem.

 Present the facts of the case, explaining what happened when, who is involved, and so on.  Puts an argument into context.

 Divide the subject, explaining what the claim is, what the key issues are, and in what order the subject will be treated.

 Offer detailed support for the claim, using both logical reasoning and factual evidence.

 Acknowledge and then refute opposing claims or evidence.

 Summarize the case and move the audience to action.

An Updated Version

 A five-part structure: ◦ Introduction ◦ Background ◦ Lines of argument ◦ Alternative arguments ◦ conclusion

 Gain the readers’ interest and willingness to listen  Establish your qualifications to write about the topic  Establish some common ground with the audience  Demonstrate that you’re fair and evenhanded  State your claim

 Present any necessary information, including personal narrative, that’s important to the argument

 Present good reasons, including logical and emotional appeals, in support of your claim

 Examine alternative points of view and opposing arguments  Note the advantages and disadvantages of these views  Explain why your view is better than others

 Summarize the argument  Elaborate the implications of your claim  Make clear what you want the audience to think or do  Reinforce your credibility and perhaps offer an emotional appeal

 Not every piece of rhetoric, past or present, follows the structure of the oration or includes all of its components.  But, you can likely identify some of its elements in successful arguments if you pay attention to their design.