Thursday Art of India! Questions over Take Home Essay? –Counts as a TEST GRADE. If you haven’t taken your Unit 1 test, you have 1 week, from the original test date to make it up. Afterward, you have alternative Essay Exam.

Art of India and Southeast Asia

The Buddha The Buddha (born as Prince Siddhartha Gautama) Encountered first hand pain of old age, sickness, and death Renounced at 29. Search of knowledge through meditation Enlightened at 35. Meditating underneath the Bodhi Tree Preached 1 st sermon at deer park in Sarnath and formed monastic community (Sangha) Buddhism developed under Emperor Ashoka

4 Noble Truths 1.Life is suffering (dukkha) 2.Cause of Suffering is desire (trishna) 3.One can overcome and extinguish desire 4.Conquer desire and end suffering, follow Eightfold Path: understanding of thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration (Way of Good Living)

The Great Stupa (Sanchi, India) completed first century CE Stupa- earthern mound containing relics of the Buddha. Function: walk around clockwise, belief circular movement brings the devotee into harmony with the cosmos Circumambulation

NOT A GRAVEMARKER Early relics: small bones, bits of hair. Buddha was cremated (thought that Buddha is not gone) 3D mandalas, or sacred diagram of the universe

harmika/tornas/ chatras/ yasti/ veteca/

The Enlightenment from the west gateway of the Great Stupa (Sanchi, India), c BCE

The Great Departure, the east gateway of the Great Stupa

Use of sensuous figures (yakshi) female nature deity fertility & vegetation ) Unlike Christianity, Buddhism regarded sexuality and spirituality as forms of a single, fundamental cosmic force

Interior of chaitya hall (Karli, India) c. 100

Section (left) and plan (right) of chaitya hall at Karli

Seated Buddha from Gandhara (Pakistan), 2 nd to 3 rd century, stone a new image of the Buddha

Seated Buddha preaching the first sermon, from Sarnath (India) fifth century CE

Differences in Styles Toga like drapery (greco-roman) Naturalistc Simple Wavy hair Gandhara Sarnath Transparent drapery Abstract Features: –Elongated eyes –Attending figures –Tight hair curls –Elongated ear lobs Rings hold up neck Decorated Halo (light creates growth) Mudra: turning the wheel Wheel of the law (bottom) Deer: deer park at Sarnath

Left: Abhaya-mudra (granting protection to devotees and dispelling fear) Right: Varada-mudra (denotes a deity’s charity, or power to grant a wish or fulfill a vow)

Left: Dhyana-mudra (denotes intense concentration during meditation) Right: Dharmacakra-mudra, the “turning of the Wheel of the Law” (gesture of teaching)

Left: Vitarka-mudra (denotes exposition or argument, another form of teaching) Right: Vajra-mudra (symbolizes the supreme widsom of Adi-Buddha (Vairocana), especially in his Japanese manifestation as Dai Nichi; also symbolizes a mystical sexual union for Tantric adepts)

Left: Bhumisparsha-mudra, or “touching the earth,” (most common in Thailand, a gesture made at the point of Enlightenment) Right: Anjali-mudra (symbol of supplication or adoration)

Mudras. Show me…… 1.Protection 2.Adoration 3.Meditation 4.Turning of the Wheel of the Law (form of teaching)

Hinduism No founder or prophet Sacrafice to please a deity to achieve release from the endless cycle of birth. Become one universal spirit Worship many gods Deities take many forms Shiva- “Destroyer”. human form- multiple limbs Vishnu- Preserver of the Universe/ 4 arms/ holding various attributes/ avatars or reincarnations/ human form- hanging serpent around body

Vishnu Temple (Deogarh, India), early sixth century Hinduism/Vishnu/ use of Hindu temple as a residence for a god/ more sculptural than architectural/

Vishnu Reclining on the Serpent of Eternity (Deogarh), early sixth century Gupta style: smooth bodies/ clinging garments Sculpted Niches: episodes of Vishnu sleeps on serpant coils, dreams the univers into reality

Vishnu and Attendants (Bangladesh), 11 th century

Boar avatar of Vishnu

Visvanatha Temple (Khajuraho, India), c. 1000

Shikharas “mountain peak” towers ( Symbolizing constructed mountains with caves) Deities take many sculptural forms Use mathematical proportions to create temple. Elevation, secular to sacred space

Entrance and plan to the Visvanatha Temple (Khajuraho, India), c. 1000

Mandapa-main hall, precedes the shrin. Used for recetation of hymns (chanting) deity worship Garbhaghriha- inner sanctuary, “womb chamber” the shrine, circumambulation, smallest room, most sacred holds image of deity

roofs of the mandapa and its figural relief sculptures images of erotic couples-idea of union. The location- found on (exterior walls), ties the Mandapas and Garbhagriha together

Angkor Wat (Cambodia), 12 th century Khmer civilization/ Suryavarman II/ approach via a stone causeway (gradual ascension vs. building facade)

Suryavarman II holding court (Angkor Wat, Cambodia), 12 th century, stone

temple mountain (emphasis on exterior)/ shrine dedicated to Vishnu/ barays and a directed supply of water

Shiva as Nataraja in the Naltunai Isvaram Temple (Punjai, India), c. 1000, bronze multi-limbed hair spread out, ring –cosmos destruction-flames drumm-beat of cosmos hand gestures: ressurance, salvation (pointing down) on double lotus base holes-support to be taken out and preceseded out on the town

Ganesh (Hoysala, India), 12 th -13 th centuries

Shiva as Nataraja 11 th century, bronze

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Shiva and his family on Mount Kailasa Shiva and Parvarti/ Vasuki/ Nandi/ Mount Kailasa

Kama and the state of ananga/ Skanda/Ganesh/

Surya and Chandra/ Hanuman, the Monkey God/ the tiger of Shiva/ rishis (Brahmin priests)/ Brahma with four heads/ Shiva and the demon Taraka