Geography Earth To write The study of where and why human activities are located where they are (i.e. religions, businesses, and cities) The study of where and why natural forces occur as they do (i.e. climates, landforms, and types of vegetation) Human Geography Physical Geography

A map could be drawn on the back of a cocktail napkin, computer-generated, or a work of art A map helps us to find the shortest route between two places and to avoid getting lost along the way Where something is in relation to another place Ex. atlas or road map A map can depict the distribution of human activities or physical features and why they are distributed that way

Ptolemy Ptolemy : wrote Guide to Geography; first to codify the basic principles of mapmaking Eratosthenes Eratosthenes : first to record the use of the word geography Aristotle Aristotle : first to say earth was spherical

Scale refers to the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth. Scale refers to the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth. It is represented in three ways: It is represented in three ways: A ratio or fraction A ratio or fraction A written scale A written scale A graphic scale A graphic scale

A ratio or fraction: This shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth’s surface. 1:24,000 or 1/24,000 means that 1 unit (usually an inch) on the map represents 24,000 of the same unit on the ground. Small scale maps show the largest area Which is larger: 1:10 or 1:100?

Topographic map showing RF scale

A written (verbal) scale: Describes the relation between map and Earth distances in words. 1 inch equals 1 mile

A graphic scale: Usually a bar line marked to show distance on Earth’s surface.

Map projection: Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map. Different projections show distortion in: Shape Distance Relative size Direction

1. Robinson Projection Pro: Useful in displaying information across oceans along longitude lines; most common for geographers Con: Shows a larger proportion of water to land than actuality

2. Mercator Projection Pro: works for navigation around the Equator Con: area is extremely distorted towards the poles

3. Equal Area Projections Azimuthal and Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Pro: Very little distortion to landmasses Con: Discontinuities in oceanic regions

Peters Projection

Peters Projection video clip:

Types of Maps Physical maps show elevation, mountains, rivers, deserts etc…

Types of Maps Political maps show countries, cities, capitals, counties.

Special purpose maps Maps designed for a special purpose. Highway maps, population maps, etc…

4. Choropleth maps Applies distinctive colors to represent different quantities or densities Typically on a map of a formal region (political)

5. Dot distribution/Dot Density map Shows distribution using a concentration of dots Each dot represents the same quantity Used for population density

6. Isopleth of Isoline maps Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over a given area Joins locations with the same value Used for climate variables

7. Proportional symbol map Portrays numerical quantities Symbols are drawn proportional to the value at that location

8. Cartogram Deliberately distort map shapes to achieve special effects

Topographic

GPS

Imaginary lines that run east to west around the globe Measure degrees north and south of the Equator The Equator is at 0 degrees

The imaginary line at 0° latitude, or at 0° on an X Axis om/aatlas/newart/ locator/meridian.h tm

Imaginary lines that run from the north pole to the south pole Measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian is at 0 ° Longitude, or at 0 ° on a Y Axis

The imaginary line at 0° longitude om/aatlas/newart/ locator/meridian.h tm

Always calculate Latitude First North and South of the Equator Then calculate Longitude East and West of the Prime Meridian

If you know the latitude and longitude of a place, put one finger on the line of latitude and another on the line of longitude. Bring your fingers together until they meet.

Equator Prime Meridian North West North East South EastSouth West

Time Zones date-line/

Absolute vs. Relative Absolute location: showing the exact place on Earth by using a coordinate system. (ie: Chicago is located 41 degrees, 53 minutes North Latitude, and 87 degrees West Longitude) Relative location: describes a place in relation to other human and physical features. (ie: south of Seattle, near the Cascade Mountains to describe Maple Valley) or (TJH is near Four Corners)

Changing Attribute of a Place Built Landscape: an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources. Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado Sequent Occupance