Theories of Personality Jung Chapter 4 © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outline Overview of Analytical Psychology Biography of Jung Levels of the Psyche Dynamics of Personality Psychological Types Development of Personality Jung’s Method of Investigation Related Research Critique of Jung Concept of Humanity

Overview of Analytical Psychology Assumes Occult Phenomena Influence Lives Inherit Experiences from Ancestors in form of Collective Unconscious Archetypes are highly developed aspects of this Aim at Achieving Balance between Opposing Forces

Biography of Jung Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875 Oldest surviving child of an idealistic Protestant minister Mother’s family had a tradition of mysticism Jung decided to become a physician after dreaming of making scientific discoveries After receiving his medical degree in 1900, he became a psychiatric assistant to Bleuler Studied with Janet in Paris in 1902-03

Biography (cont’d) He read Freud’s writings and eventually began corresponding with Freud in 1906 Freud saw Jung as his successor Jung became disenchanted with Freud’s theories and broke with the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1913 Began his own approach to theory and therapy called analytical psychology Jung’s theories became popular outside of psychology (e.g., religion, anthropology, and pop culture) Died in Zurich in 1961

Levels of Psyche Conscious Psychic images sensed by the ego Personal Unconscious Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences Collective Unconscious Ideas from the experiences inherited from our ancestors Archetypes Archaic images derived from the collective unconscious

Archetypes Archetypes include: Persona Shadow Anima Animus Great Mother Wise Old Man Hero The Self

Dynamics of Personality Causality and Teleology Behavior is shaped by both Progression and Regression Progression Forward flow of psychic energy Necessary for adaptation to outside world Regression Backward flow of psychic energy Necessary for adaptation to inner world

Psychological Types Attitudes Introversion Extraversion Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction Introversion The turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective Extraversion The turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective

Psychological Types (cont’d) Functions Thinking Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas Feeling Evaluating an idea or event Sensation Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness Intuition Perception beyond the workings of consciousness

Development of Personality Stages of Development Childhood Anarchic Monarchic Dualistic Youth The period from puberty until middle life Major difficulty to overcome is conservative principle or the tendency to cling to childhood

Development of Personality Stages of Development Middle Life Begins at approximately age 35 or 40 Period of anxiety and potential Old Age Diminution of consciousness Death is the goal of life Self-Realization (Individuation) Requires assimilation of unconsciousness into total self Process of integrating opposites into a harmonious self Rarely achieved

Jung’s Method of Investigation Word Association Test Dream Analysis Active Imagination Psychotherapy (Four Stages) Confession of a pathogenic secret Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation Education as social beings Transformation

Related Research Personality Type and Interest in Teaching Willing, Guest, & Morford (2001) Master-in-training students likely to be high in intuition and feeling Personality Type and Investing Money Filbeck, Hatfield, & Horvath (2005) MBTI a good predictor of risk tolerance among types Interest in and Attrition from Engineering Thomas et al. (2000) Extraversion predicted dropout from engineering courses

Critique of Jung Jung’s Theory Is: Moderate on Generating Research and Organizing Observations Low on Practicality, Internal Consistency, and Parsimony Very Low on Falsifiability

Concept of Humanity He was not Deterministic nor Purposeful, Optimistic nor Pessimistic People are both Causal and Teleological People Motivated by both Conscious and Unconscious Thoughts Biology over Social Similarity over Individual Differences