By Luke Harbers

 Book definition – “development clarifies and amplifies (expands) the claims and proof in a speech.”  Techniques:  Examples and illustrations  Incident  Comparison and Contrast

 Book definition – An example is a typical, specific instance of something  Examples are one of the most important types of support  Book example – Subtraction and rock and roll

 “…We start 2009 in the midst of a crisis unlike any we have seen in our lifetime, a crisis that has only deepened over the last few weeks. Nearly 2 million jobs have been now lost, and on Friday we're likely to learn that we lost more jobs last year than at any time since World War II. Just in the past year, another 2.8 million Americans who want and need full-time work have had to settle for part-time jobs. Manufacturing has hit a 28-year low. Many businesses cannot borrow or make payroll. Many families cannot pay their bills or their mortgage. Many workers are watching their life savings disappear. And many, many Americans are both anxious and uncertain of what the future will hold. Now, I don't believe it's too late to change course, but it will be if we don't take dramatic action as soon as possible. If nothing is done, this recession could linger for years. The unemployment rate could reach double digits. Our economy could fall $1 trillion short of its full capacity, which translates into more than $12,000 in lost income for a family of four. We could lose a generation of potential and promise, as more young Americans are forced to forgo dreams of college or the chance to train for the jobs of the future. And our nation could lose the competitive edge that has served as a foundation for our strength and our standing in the world…”  Obama’s speech on the Economy – January 9, 2009

Recommendations when using examples: 1. Use examples that clearly address the point you are trying to make 2. Use examples that are easily understood 3. Use examples that are interesting 4. Introduce the example so the audience knows what it is 5. Use more than just one example 6. Avoid listing examples in list format

 Book definition – A longer, more elaborate example.  Illustrations make the speech more interesting and intriguing to the audience  Book example – Disco music

Recommendations for using illustrations: 1. Use colorful and interesting language 2. Paint a picture with words so the audience can see it easily 3. Include a tag or statement that ties the illustration back into the point that you are making

 Book definition – a story that is used to prove or illustrate a point.  Incident is also called a narrative or anecdote  Book example – rock and the Monkees

 "Last weekend, Senator Obama showed up in Joe's driveway to ask for his vote, and Joe asked Senator Obama a tough question. I'm glad he did; I think Senator Obama could use a few more tough questions. The response from Senator Obama and his campaign yesterday was to attack Joe. People are digging through his personal life and he has TV crews camped out in front of his house. He didn't ask for Senator Obama to come to his house. He wasn't recruited or prompted by our campaign. He just asked a question. And Americans ought to be able to ask Senator Obama tough questions without being smeared and targeted with political attacks."

Recommendations for using incidents: 1. Tell it like you would tell a story have enthusiasm and expect the audience to enjoy it 2. Try to use because audience likes but do not overuse because the speech will become a story with no purpose 3. Do not take to long where it over powers everything else you are trying to say

 Book definition – When pointing out similarities between two things is using comparison. When pointing out important differences is using contrast.  Used all the time in everyday life  Book example – Athletic shoes and AM and FM radio

 “Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.”  “My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle.”  What one is a comparison and what one is a contrast?

Recommendations for using comparison and contrast: 1. Make sure the audience knows why you are making a comparison or contrast 2. Provide examples with comparisons and contrasts 3. Make sure comparisons and contrasts are organized so it is easily followed by audience 4. Use clear transitions so the audience does not get lost

1. What were the five techniques that I discussed for development? 2. How and why would you use an incident? 3. What is a more elaborate example called?

1. Examples, illustrations, incident, comparison and contrast 2. Use a story to prove a point and because it is more interesting to the audience 3. Illustration