Warm Up: Prepare for Chapter 13 Quiz

Chapter 14 Section 1 The War in Africa & Europe

The Battle of the Atlantic U- boat attacks German U-boats (submarines) attacked supply ships bound for Great Britain Attacked in groups known as wolf packs Hunted at night American and British vessels sailed without protection Easy targets

The Battle of the Atlantic Convoy System American shipyards produced at amazing rates Navy was able to provide convoys to protect supply ships -Reduced effectiveness of U-boats Allied aircraft protected & provided cover Allies cracked the German code system in Enigma machine - Gained information about locations of U-boat formations By end of war, 70% of Germans who served on submarines were dead

Convoy System

The war in the Soviet Union Hitler broke non-aggression pact with Stalin in 1941 German forces stormed across the U.S.S.R. -Blitzkrieg Germans advance deep in Russia -Outskirts of Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad German forces were slowed by the Russian winter

The Battle of Stalingrad The turning point of the war in the Soviet Union was the battle of Stalingrad -February of The Germans repeatedly failed to capture the city. -250,000 German soldiers surrender After German defeat at Stalingrad, the Soviets slowly pushed the German army out of the Soviet Union.

Watch: Enemy at the Gates

War in North Africa The British needed to control the Mediterranean to maintain oil supplies from the Middle East Italian and German forces fought the British over control of North Africa Pushed British out of Libya & into Egypt -Led by General Erwin Rommel The British defeated the Germans at the Battle of El Alamein (Nov. 1942) Turning point of the war in North Africa

Operation Torch American invasion of N. Africa -Led by Dwight d. Eisenhower Allies invaded Morocco & Algeria in Nov Defeated Rommel & Germans by May ,000 U.S. casualties

Allied Invasion of Italy From N. Africa, Allied troops invaded Sicily (7/1943) Italians overthrew Mussolini, Italians surrendered (9/1943) German forces continued to fight Allies invaded Italian mainland at Anzio ,000 Allied casualties Allied troops captured Rome (June 4, 1944) 300,000 Allied casualties in Italian campaign

Fate of Mussolini

D-Day: The Invasion of France Operation Overlord – massive invasion of France Led by American General Omar Bradley and British General Bernard Montgomery D-Day- June 6, 1944 Allied soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France -Involved land, sea and air Forces faced heavy German resistance 10,000 Allied casualties

Watch: Saving Private Ryan

D-Day: The Invasion of France Invasion was successful -Allies gained a beachhead By July, 1 million Allied soldiers were in France -180,000 vehicles Allies captured Paris by August 1944

Battle of the Bulge Last major German offensive against the Allies Dec. 6,1944 German advance created a bulge in the Allied lines Victory at Bastogne haled German offensive -General George S. Patton

Warm Up: What were the major turning points of WWII in Europe and Africa?

Chapter 14 Section 2

Anti-Semitism Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews

Hitler’s Views Told Germans that they came from a superior race – the Aryans Used the Jews as a scapegoat – someone to blame for Germany’s woes after World War I

History of Jews in Germany Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years. Hostility toward Jews existed since the Middle Ages. Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored medieval efforts to humiliate Jews. Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice based on religion to hatred based on ancestry.

Nazi Anti-Semitism Hitler in Power Began campaign against Jews soon after becoming chancellor Established a series of anti-Semitic laws intended to drive Jews from Germany Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship and took away most civil and economic rights. Laws defined who was a Jew.

Nazi Anti-Semitism Attacks on Jews Many Germans supported Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideas. Discrimination and violent attacks against Jews continued. Anti-Jewish riots broke out in an attack called Kristallnacht.

Nazi Anti-Semitism Fleeing Germany Over 100,000 managed to leave Germany after Kristallnacht. Others found it difficult to leave the country as Nazi laws had left many without money or property. Many countries were unwilling to take in poor immigrants. The United States limited the number of Germans immigrants.

The Nazi Government’s Final Solution World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of the Nazi SS. Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that the Germans occupied. – The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of Hitler’s regime. – Conditions in the camps were horrific. The Nazis also established ghettos to control and punish Jews. – Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are confined. – Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate. – The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland. In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews. – At first mobile killing units—Einsatzgruppen—massacred Jews. – Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.

Camps Prisons for Jews, prisoners-of-war, and enemies of the Nazi regime Inmates received little food and were forced to labor. The combination of overwork and starvation was intended to kill. Punishment for minor offenses was swift, sure, and deadly.

Ghettos Walls or fences kept the Jews inside and those trying to leave were shot. Food was scarce; starvation was rampant. Diseases spread rapidly. The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland. Some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto—the Jewish Fighting Organization—fought back.

The Final Solution Genocide – the killing of an entire people Involved building 6 new extermination camps for Jews Inmates were exposed to poison gas in specially built chambers. 3 million Jews died in extermination camps. 3 million Jews and 5 million others were killed by the Nazi using other means.

The American response to the Holocaust Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews and events such as Kristallnacht, American immigration limited the number of Jews who could move to the United States. In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about Hitler’s Final Solution. – The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the reports might just be war rumors. Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board. – Through this board, the United States was able to help 200,000 Jews.