Polymers

Biomolecules Biomolecules are made up of smaller pieces Monomer: A small molecular unit Polymer: Monomers linked together

Biomolecules Carbon is the one element required for life Any Carbon based molecule is considered an organic molecule Each of the four macromolecules start with Carbon as the basis. CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic acids

Macromolecules Carbohydrate: Complex sugars made up of Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen Starch: a large chain of sugars Energy source of cells

Monosaccharide Monosaccharide A simple sugar containing only one sugar molecule. EX.GlucoseFructoseGalactose One sugar molecule can be in a chain or ring form ring form LE 3- 4b Glucose Fructose Structural formula Abbreviated structure Simplified structure

Glucose Glucose is a main source of cellular energy The carbon skeleton can also be used to build other molecules Glucose is also used to create larger macromolecules. Structural formula Abbreviated structure Simplified structure

Disaccharide Two monosaccharaides can be linked together using a dehydration reaction to create a disaccharide Ex. Glucose+fructose= sucrose Glucose+Glucose= maltose Glucose Maltose

Polysaccharide Long polymer chains made up of a chain of simple sugars EX. Starch= found in plant cells and is a long chain of glucose Glycogen= found in animal cells and is a long chain of glucose that is branched Cellulose= found in plant cells and is a long chain of glucose that are linked together with hydrogen bonds Sugar molecules are hydrophilic

Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissues Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules G LYCOGEN C ELLULOSE S TARCH Glucose monomer

Macromolecules Lipids: Water avoiding compound made up of Carbon and hydrogen chains Cholesterol: An essential lipid molecule needed for cell membranes. Lipids act as a barrier that contains the liquid parts of the cell. They also act as chemical messengers in the form of hormones.

Saturated Fat

Unsaturated Fat

Macromolecules Nucleic Acids: A large molecule made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Nucleotides: Small molecules made up of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate Nucleic acids are what our DNA or genetic material is made of With out nucleic acids our body would not have directions and could not function.

Macromolecules Proteins: A large molecule made up of amino acids Amino acid: A small molecule that is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. Proteins are large chains of amino acids that bond together and then fold to create useable cell parts. Proteins also make up enzymes which speed up chemical reactions.

Proteins and Enzymes

Function of Proteins Made up of amino acids Responsible for most day to day functions of all cells Amino acids link together and form a long chain

Protein Shape The long Amino acid chain folds to make the protein useable A proteins shape is changed by its surroundings A protein that is outside of its normal environment (High temperature or pH Change) will be denatured (misshapen)

Proteins to Enzymes A protein sometimes works as an enzyme An enzyme speeds up chemical reactions in our bodies. This is done by lowering the activation energy An enzyme speeds up a reaction by making it easier.

Reactants Net change in energy E A without enzyme Products Progress of the reaction Energy E A with enzyme Activation energy graph

Enzyme Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions