TYPES OF WAR

KEY TERMS Economic cause Economic effect Social cause Social effect Political cause Political effect Ideological cause Ideological effect

Activity: Choose two wars and identify their type. Make a mind map about it. Examples of war

HOMEWORK Read pages 7-18

THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I Before analyzing the causes, it’s necessary to review an earlier conflict: The Franco- Prussian War

Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict ( ) Otto von Bismarck consolidated the 39 separate Germanic states into a new German state. The two largest were Prussia and Austria. Three wars were developed to achieve his aim: Denmark, Austria and France Prussia’s modern technology as use of railways to deliver men and material, was effective in defeating France in January 1871.

Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict ( ) Severe terms: 1.France lost Alsace-Lorraine. 2.Indemnity of 5,000 million marks 3.Prussian occupation of French parts. 4.King of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in the Palace of Versailles in January, 1871.

Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict ( ) Consequences: 1.Political and socio-economic problems manifested as a revanche movement. 2.Internationally, Germany became dominant in Europe.

Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict ( ) 3. Emphasis in modern warfare: rapid mobilization and fast deployment educated and competent army able to plan and coordinate the use of railways.

LONG-TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I Introduction Germany created nervousness among other European countries because of economic and military potential. French was hostile towards Germany because the humiliation of the war in 1871 and the loss of Alsace- Lorraine. Germany worked on consolidating its position and power in Europe without applying an aggressive foreign policy but web of alliances. Germany’s main aim was to keep France isolated and have Russia as an ally to avoid a two-front war.

1. Web of alliances Created by the German Chancellor Bismarck and the first ruler Kaiser Wilhelm I:

1873 The Dreikaiserbund of three Emperors’ League Jointed Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary into an alliance, keeping Frnace Isolated 1879 The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia 1887 The Reinsurance Treaty The Three Emperor Alliance fell to pieces due to Balkans prolems in This separate treaty with Russia avoid risk of a war on two fronts.

2. The New Course The young Kaiser Wilhelm II, overturned Bismarck’s alliances. The lapse of The Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, created the conditions for Franco-Russian Alliance in France was free of its isolation and Germany could face now a war of two fronts. There was a political anti-British clause

3. Weltpolitik A policy that would increase the global strength of Germany through building up the German navy and colonial expansion. Benefit: Divert the German population away from the social and political problems at home. Supported by patriotic groups such as the Pan-German League

4. Imperialism A country takes over new lands or countries and rule them becoming its colonies. Europeans dominated countries in Africa and the Far East competing to build vast empires. It was driven by economic motives as cheap raw material, new markets and low-cost labour forces.

5. The emergence of the alliance system In 1897, Germany mounted a naval challenge to Britain building 17 ships in the next 7 years. The British Splendid Isolation was no longer useful. Britain started to seek security through alliances: with Japan to defend the Far East and bring back warships from this area with Russia to reduce British concern in India and the Far East. 3.Russia, France and Britain joined together in the Triple Entente. 4.Europe was divided in two alliance systems: The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance.

6. The naval race Britain launched a super- battleship; HMS Dreadnought, its speed, range and firepower were superior to all the others. A competitor then could construct similar battleships and catch up with Britain As Germany rapidly expanded its fleet, Britain ordered the construction of 8 battleships more. Britain’s population willingness to go to war in 1914 owed a lot to tensions generated by the naval race.

7. The situation in the Balkans Unstable area that contributed to the tensions in Europe before Three empires had interests there: Turkey, Austria- Hungary and Russia.

7. The situation in the Balkans 1.TURKEY: It had once ruled over the whole of the Balkans. But Serbs, Greeks and Bulgars revolted and set up their own independent states. Turkey struggled to hold on to its remaining Balkan territories.

7. The situation in the Balkans 2. Austria-Hungary: It was a multi-ethnic empire. The most forceful in their demands for independence were the southern Slavs composed by the Serbs, Croats and Slovens. They wanted to form a South Slav kingdom with the support of their neighbor, Serbia. Austria-Hungary considered Serbia as a threat.

7. The situation in the Balkans 3. Russia: It sympathized with Slavs and saw itself as the champion of them. Because ports in the north of Russian’s vast empire iced over for 6 months of the year, the Balkans were strategic for Russian ships route from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea on warm- water ports.

7. The situation in the Balkans 4. Growing tension in the Balkans after The pro-Austrian King Alexander of Serbia was murdered. The Russophile King Peter replaced him and was determined to reduce Austro-Hungarian influence. Austria-Hungary feared the influence of a strong Serbia on their multi- ethnic empire. Austria’s foreign minister believed that an agressive foreign policy on Serbia would stamp out their aspirations.