URBANIZATION With much help from Pam Rogers (almost Ph. D)

What is Settlement? How should we define settlement for our purposes in this class? How should we define settlement for our purposes in this class?

Is this “Settlement?”

Settlement…

Figure it out yourself! List some good things about collecting ourselves into larger groups of PERMANENT settlements. List some good things about collecting ourselves into larger groups of PERMANENT settlements.

Must not have been good enough

How do we choose a specific site? What makes one place better than another for settlement? What makes one place better than another for settlement?

Proximity to a Resource SITE Characteristics– the physical/natural characteristics (rocky, fertile, forest) and exact location of the community itself. Ask: “Where is it?” SITE Characteristics– the physical/natural characteristics (rocky, fertile, forest) and exact location of the community itself. Ask: “Where is it?” Ie: on the coast, at the junction of two rivers, in a valley, on a bay, in the mountains Ie: on the coast, at the junction of two rivers, in a valley, on a bay, in the mountains

SITUATION Characteristics – refers to the features of the region that surround the specific settlement. The situation may include factors such as economic capability, climatic conditions, relation to other central places, transportation and direction. The situation includes a much larger area than does the site. Ask: What is it like?” SITUATION Characteristics – refers to the features of the region that surround the specific settlement. The situation may include factors such as economic capability, climatic conditions, relation to other central places, transportation and direction. The situation includes a much larger area than does the site. Ask: What is it like?” Ie: accessible by water, NW of the river, west of Toronto, rich in fertile soil, protected by high mountains Ie: accessible by water, NW of the river, west of Toronto, rich in fertile soil, protected by high mountains

Caracas, Venezuela

CASE STUDY!!!! Natural Resources and Land Quality HalifaxHammonds Plains/Lucasville

Industrial Revolution

GROWTH Urban populations grow in two ways: Urban populations grow in two ways: natural increase (more births than deaths) natural increase (more births than deaths) improved food supplies improved food supplies better sanitation better sanitation advances in medical care advances in medical care Immigration Immigration the largest source growth the largest source growth caused both by push factors that force people out of the country and by pull factors that draw them into the city. caused both by push factors that force people out of the country and by pull factors that draw them into the city.

Push Factors The "surplus" population is forced to migrate to cities in search for jobs, food, and housing. In some places, economic forces or political, racial, or religious conflicts drive people out of their homes. The "surplus" population is forced to migrate to cities in search for jobs, food, and housing. In some places, economic forces or political, racial, or religious conflicts drive people out of their homes. Rural to Urban - Examples Rural to Urban - Examples The UN estimated that in 1992 at least 10 million people fled their native country and that another 30 or 40 million were internal refugees within their own country, displaced by political, economic, or social instability. The UN estimated that in 1992 at least 10 million people fled their native country and that another 30 or 40 million were internal refugees within their own country, displaced by political, economic, or social instability

Pull Factors Even in the most chaotic cities, many people are there by choice, attracted by the excitement, vitality, and opportunity to meet others like themselves. Even in the most chaotic cities, many people are there by choice, attracted by the excitement, vitality, and opportunity to meet others like themselves. The most important thing to them is that cities offer jobs, housing, entertainment, and freedom from the constraints of village traditions. Possibilities exist in the city for upward social mobility, prestige, and power not available in the country The most important thing to them is that cities offer jobs, housing, entertainment, and freedom from the constraints of village traditions. Possibilities exist in the city for upward social mobility, prestige, and power not available in the country

Settlement Bad? Lack/Overuse of resources Lack/Overuse of resources Miss-use of resources Miss-use of resources Want (you lack a resource) + Anonymity (you MIGHT get away with shenanigans) = deviance (crime) Want (you lack a resource) + Anonymity (you MIGHT get away with shenanigans) = deviance (crime) Laws necessary Laws necessary Pollution Pollution Logistical management challenges Logistical management challenges

Emile Durkheim Sociologist who studied crime, deviance, suicide, division of labour in society Sociologist who studied crime, deviance, suicide, division of labour in society Theory: Theory: Anomie – when societies become highly specialized and complex, there is greater chance for people to feel like they do not have a place in society. Norms and morals are lost by those who do not fit into this complex system of labour. Anomie – when societies become highly specialized and complex, there is greater chance for people to feel like they do not have a place in society. Norms and morals are lost by those who do not fit into this complex system of labour.

Urban Sprawl The spreading of urban developments (houses and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city Shanty towns

Cape Town, South Africa

Zamboanga, Philippines

Manila, Philippines

Manila Continued

Cairo, Egypt

Cairo, Egypt (8 million)