Even Better than the Best Building Ever? The ZICER and Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Buildings Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre School of Environmental Sciences

Main Energy Conservation Projects at UEA Constable Terrace/ Nelson Court Student Residences Elizabeth Fry Building Combined Heat and Power School of Medicine ZICER Building The Future Absorption Chilling

Constable Terrace

Constable Terrace – Key Points Four Storey Student Residence Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities Common Room/ Kitchen for each house Each house has a mechanical heat recovering Air Handling Unit which recovers much of the heat from cooking, appliance use, body heat etc. Fresh Air is fed via the AHUs for heating, and additional heat is provided electrically Individual rooms are provided with small 250W panel supplementary heaters

Constable Terrace – Key Points Constructed in 1992/ mm insulation on floor – U value 0.18 W m -2 K [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m -2 K (0.25 W m -2 K in 2002)] Walls: 2 leaves of lightweight concrete blocks with 100 mineral fibre cavity insulation – U value (0.22 W m -2 K ) [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m -2 K (0.35 W m -2 K in 2002)] Roof: 200 mm insulation – U value (0.15 W m-2 K) [ Standard U – Value at time 0.25 W m-2 K (0.16 W m-2 K in 2002)] Specified pressure test at 50 Pa – 1 ach ~ 0.05 normal pressure [ actual performance – 2 ach – but much better than conventional buildings]

Constable Terrace Comparison of Constable Terrace with DOE standards

The Elizabeth Fry Building

Termodeck Construction Air is circulated through whole fabric of building Heated using a normal domestic heating boiler (24 kW) No heat supply needed at temperatures as cool as 9 o C Triple glazing with Low Emissivity Glass ~ quadruple glazing 180 mm insulated cavity 300 mm roof insulation 100 mm floor insulation Air – Pressure Test at 50 Pa – not to exceed 1.0 ach Actual performance 0.97 ach Has deteriorated slightly since 1996 Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 85% with heat recovery

Fresh Air Stale Air Fresh Air Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers

Winter heating Experience shows that slab pre-heating is usually unnecessary – when used – often results in excess heat expelled later in day by AHUs Summer Cooling Slab temperature > 2 o C above ambient Cool air at night is circulated around slab to cool building No air-conditioning required In early years performance was not optimised In later years energy efficiency has improve even though air-tightness has deteriorated

The performance of the building has improved with time Energy Consumption in Elizabeth Fry Heating provided by domestic sized boilers. Energy requirement 20% of good practice for Academic Buildings.

44 96 ECON 19 Good Practice Type 3 Office Elizabeth Fry kg/m 2 /annum gas electricity carbon dioxide emissions thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Elizabeth Fry User Satisfaction An energy efficient building reduces carbon dioxide AND is a better building to work in. Elizabeth Fry: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and User Satisfaction

The ZICER Building Follows the tradition of the Elizabeth Fry Building Uses Termodeck construction Draws heat from University Heating Main Has a 34 kW array of Photo Voltaic cells on top floor and roof Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research

ZICER Construction

Ducts in floor slab

Installation of Solar Panels

Elizabeth Fry performance has improved over years. ZICER will be better and less than 70% of emissions of mid 90’s best practice building Photovoltaic cells will generate ~ 30 kW and save 20 tonnes CO 2 per annum. Projected Performance of ZICER

Performance of Elizabeth Fry and ZICER

UEA Combined Heat and Power Scheme

UEA CHP Scheme Until 1999 most heat for space heating was supplied by large boilers Primary main temperature ~ 110 – 120 o C All electricity imported Energy bill was in excess of £1 million per year Three 1 MWe generators are now installed Provide the majority of the electricity for the campus Export electricity at periods of low demand Waste heat is used a primary heat source Supplemented by existing boilers CHP has reduced that figure by £ per year

CHP Review tonnes kg/kWh kWh1997/98 balloons totaloilgaselectricity tonnes kg/ kWh kWh1999/00 balloons totaloilCHPboilers Gener- ationimportexportelectricity Saving in CO 2 emissions as a result of CHP tonnes CO 2 or 31.9% Equivalent to 2680 hot air balloons. [Note: UEA expanded during time and consumption increased so CO 2 savings are really higher than this].

CHP Review Installation of CHP units reduced carbon dioxide emissions by around 8000 tonnes or 35%. Reduced primary heating main temperature > lower distribution losses Extends the life of the boiler house plant, In summer Heat Dump fans must be used to remove excess heat The heat demand in summer dictates how much electricity can be generated In summer Increased demand for cooling of scientific equipment A 1MW absorption chiller is currently under installation

Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger Heat from external source W ~ 0 Absorption Heat Pump

UEA has been leading the way with energy conservation. Technically Constable Terrace Elizabeth Fry ZICER CHP Absorption Chilling CRed is pioneering ways in which to reduced carbon dioxide emissions Building partnerships Education Working in an integrated way Concluding Remarks

N. Keith Tovey, MA, PhD, C.Eng, MICE Low Carbon Innovation Centre University of East Anglia Norwich Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Факультет экологических исследований Университета Восточной Англии