ELECTRICAL POWER

Outline  Early Sources Of Electrical Energy  Mechanical Generators Of Electricity  Dynamo-Electric Generators  Gramme Armature & Successors  Alternator  Electric Lighting  Power Stations  Batteries

Early Sources Of Electrical Energy  Electro-Statics  Frictional Machines Using Glass Cylinders  Electro-Chemistry  Chemical Effects Of An Electric Current  Alessandro Volta  Electro-Magnetics

Allesandro Volta ( )  Voltaic Pile  1800  Electricity Generated In A Battery  Zinc (Z)  Silver (A) Or Copper  Flannel Or Paper  Soaked In Brine  Alkaline, Saline, Or Acid  Current Trough Wire

Electro-magnetics  H. C. Oersted ( )  Danish Scientist  Magnetic Needle Moved In Vicinity Of A Conductor Carrying Electricity  Magnetic Field Surrounding A Conductor Carrying Electricity  A. M. Ampere ( )  Electro-Dynamic Interaction Of Electric Currents & Magnets  Commutator

Electro-magnetics (continued)  D. f. J. Arago ( )  Produced First Electro-Magnet (1820)  W. Sturgeon ( )  First Practical Electro-Magnet (1825)  Michael Faraday ( )  “Convert Magnetism Into Electricity”  Electro-Magnetic Induction (1831)  Not Interested In Commercialism

First Mechanical Generators Of Electricity  Basic Principles  Hippolyte Pixii  Saxton  Clarke

Basic Principles  A Conductor Carrying Electricity Produces A Magnetic Field Surrounding It  If Conductor Is Coiled Around Iron  Iron Temporarily Magnetizes  If Iron Is Hardened By Hammering  Iron Permanently Magnetizes  Electric Generators  Field System  Simple Or Compound Magnets  Coil System  Generation Takes Place  Relative Movement Between Systems

Hippolyte Pixii  First Magneto-Electric Machine  1832  Hand-Driven  Only Working Model  Field Magnet Revolves Relative To Coil  First Practical Application Of Faraday’s Principle

Magneto-Electric Machines  Saxton (1833)  Arrangement Of Components Was Reversed  Coil Rotated  Magnets Remained Fixed  Pixii (1833)  Added Commutator - Based On Ampere’s Work  Converted Oscillating Current To Unidirectional Current

E. M. Clarke  Owned Company Making Scientific Instruments  First Manufacturing On Commercial Scale  1834  Coils Rotated In Plane Parallel To Side Of Magnet  Experimented With Types Of Windings

Stoehrer Of Leipzig  1846  Three Horseshoe Shaped Magnets  Six-Polar Armature  Science Museum Of London

F. Nollet ( )  First To Contemplate Making A Power-Driven Magneto-Electric Machine  Supply Relatively Large Output  Lighthouses  Died Before Completion  Frederick Hale Holmes Continued Work

Frederick Hale Holmes  Tested On Small Scale  Trinity House Wharf to Woolrich On Thames  Components  36 U-Shaped Magnets In Pairs Of Six  Poles Outward  Stationary Coils & Commutator  Size - 5’ Square & 2 tons  Output  Driven By Steam Engine At 600rpm  1.5 kw