Latin American Policies The U.S. wished to build a canal across Central America to connect her two oceans and newly acquired territories, thereby ending the long voyage around South America The French had a contract to build a canal in the Columbian province of Panama, an isthmus (a strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land) The French had failed at building the canal and the U.S. bought the lease from the French for $40 million In 1903, Secretary Hays negotiated a treaty for a 99 year lease on the land in exchange for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000 Columbian opposition grew against the deal. This angered President Roosevelt Big Stick Foreign policy He used the Big Stick Foreign policy to support Panamanian rebels in a revolt against Columbia and intervened against Columbia when they sent troops On Nov. 6, the U.S. recognized Panama’s independence and Hays signed a new treaty with the country of Panama “I took the canal zone and let Congress debate” Some members of Congress were angered by Roosevelt’s actions but Roosevelt replied: “I took the canal zone and let Congress debate”

Building the Canal Workers in Panama faced many hardships including heat, a damp tropical jungle, and mosquitoes that swarmed and carried many diseases including yellow fever and malaria Colonel William Gorgas Colonel William Gorgas, an Army doctor went to Panama to fight the diseases Gorgas instructed workers to drain swamps, spray insecticide, spread oil on stagnant pools of water, and cut grassy marshes in order to destroy mosquito breeding By 1906, the measures eliminated most diseases Without disease the canal was finished and is regarded as one of the greatest engineering feats of all time. The canal cut through dense jungle and over mountains. Huge amounts of earth were dug out and used to build a dam, a large lake was created, and giant locks raised and lowered ships from sea level, over the mountains, and back down again on the other side.

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

Building the Canal Workers in Panama faced many hardships including heat, a damp tropical jungle, and mosquitoes that swarmed and carried many diseases including yellow fever and malaria Colonel William Gorgas Colonel William Gorgas, an Army doctor went to Panama to fight the diseases Gorgas instructed workers to drain swamps, spray insecticide, spread oil on stagnant pools of water, and cut grassy marshes in order to destroy mosquito breeding By 1906, the measures eliminated most diseases Without disease the canal was finished and is regarded as one of the greatest engineering feats of all time. The canal cut through dense jungle and over mountains. Huge amounts of earth were dug out and used to build a dam, a large lake was created, and giant locks raised and lowered ships from sea level, over the mountains, and back down again on the other side.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power.

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

America as a Pacific Power

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Strained Japanese - U.S. Relations During the Russo-Japanese War Japanese immigration increased greatly to the U.S. Many Americans resented the Japanese immigrants as newcomers who took their jobs In 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education ordered all Asian students attend separate schools. The Japanese government protested that a 1894 treaty had guaranteed Japanese living the the U.S. would be treated well They felt the U.S. broke that treaty Gentleman’s Agreement President Roosevelt forced San Francisco to change its policy in return for a Gentleman’s Agreement to restrict Japanese immigration to the U.S. Although he planned no war Roosevelt in 1907, sent 16 gleaming white ships on a tour around the world to impress other nations including the Japanese who soon resolved their differences with the U.S. Great White Fleet The Great White Fleet put on world display America’s naval power

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools  Root-Takahira Agreement.

Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908 A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East. Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door Policy. An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco I Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

Roosevelt Corollary Policing the Western Hemisphere America has the right to act as “policeman” in Latin America To preserve American interests the U.S. would intervene reluctantly Monroe Doctrine This policy was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine Dollar Diplomacy While Roosevelt thought of American power in military terms his successor William Howard Taft took a different view “substituting dollars for bullets” Taft wanted to alter American foreign policy by “substituting dollars for bullets” Taft was willing to intervene in other nations when U.S. business interests were threatened He believed American investments would bring stability to troubled areas of the world as well as profit and power to the U.S. Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson believed in the ideals of American Democracy. Wilson understood the need for military power but also attempted to follow a foreign policy based on moral principles.

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”