Exchange of matters, energies and termoregulation.

Types of exchange 1. Exchange between the organism and the environment, in example circulation of substances in nature. 2. Metabolism within the body: changing substances from the time they pass through the digestive canal to the withdrawal outside. 1. Exchange between the organism and the environment, in example circulation of substances in nature. 2. Metabolism within the body: changing substances from the time they pass through the digestive canal to the withdrawal outside.

Protein Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of large molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of large molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues.

Digestibility of common proteins foods Food source Protein digestibility (%) Egg97 Milk and cheese 97 Mixed US diet 96 Peanut butter 95 Meat and fish 94 Whole wheat 86 Oatmeal86 Soybeans78 Rice76

BV of some common proteins Table 2 presents the BV of some common proteins. Table 2 presents the BV of some common proteins. Considering the high protein intakes of most strength athletes (2.0 g/kg or higher) it is hard to see how BV will play a meaningful role in rating proteins in this population. In all likelihood, any decent quality protein will be as good as any other at these types of protein intakes. Considering the high protein intakes of most strength athletes (2.0 g/kg or higher) it is hard to see how BV will play a meaningful role in rating proteins in this population. In all likelihood, any decent quality protein will be as good as any other at these types of protein intakes. ProteinBV whey100 egg100 milk93 rice86 casein, fish and beef 75 corn72 peanut flour 56 wheat gluten 44

Extracting Energy from Glucose Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose: one anaerobic and one aerobic. Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose: one anaerobic and one aerobic. The anaerobic process occurs in the cytoplasm and is only moderately efficient. The anaerobic process occurs in the cytoplasm and is only moderately efficient. The aerobic cycle takes place in the mitochondria and is results in the greatest release of energy. As the name implies, though, it requires oxygen. The aerobic cycle takes place in the mitochondria and is results in the greatest release of energy. As the name implies, though, it requires oxygen.

Aerobic Metabolism Pyruvate is the starting molecule for oxidative phosphorylation via the Krebb's or citric acid cycle. Pyruvate is the starting molecule for oxidative phosphorylation via the Krebb's or citric acid cycle. In this process, all of the C-C and C-H bonds of the pyruvate will be transferred to oxygen. In this process, all of the C-C and C-H bonds of the pyruvate will be transferred to oxygen.

Summary of metabolism of glucose Basically, the pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A, which can then bind with the four carbon oxaloacetate to generate a six carbon citrate. Basically, the pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A, which can then bind with the four carbon oxaloacetate to generate a six carbon citrate. Carbons and hydrogens are gradually cleaved from this citrate until all that remains is the four carbon oxaloacetate we started with. In the process, four NADHs, one FADH and one GTP are generated for each starting pyruvate. Carbons and hydrogens are gradually cleaved from this citrate until all that remains is the four carbon oxaloacetate we started with. In the process, four NADHs, one FADH and one GTP are generated for each starting pyruvate.NADHs Anaerobic Consumed: 2 ATP Produced: 8 ATP Net: 6 ATP AerobicConsumed: 0 ATP Produced: 2x 15 ATP Net: 30 ATP

Fats Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat is to dissolve it into the watery content of the intestinal cavity. Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat is to dissolve it into the watery content of the intestinal cavity.

Nervous regulation - changes the intensity of endocrine glands function - directly activates enzymes. - central nervous system, acting on cellular and humoral mechanisms of regulation, adequately changes metabolism processes in cells

Humoral regulation of enzyme activity Means the action of hormones on enzymes, which can enhance or inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Some hormones directly regulate the synthesis or breakdown of enzymes and the permeability of cell membranes, altering the cell content of substrate, cofactor and ion composition. Means the action of hormones on enzymes, which can enhance or inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Some hormones directly regulate the synthesis or breakdown of enzymes and the permeability of cell membranes, altering the cell content of substrate, cofactor and ion composition.

Notion about basal metabolism

Poikilothermic and homeothermic organisms Invertebrates generally cannot adjust their body temperatures and so are at the mercy of the environment. In vertebrates, mechanisms for maintaining body temperature by adjusting heat production and heat loss have evolved. These species are called "cold-blooded" (poikilothermic) because their body temperature fluctuates over a considerable range. Invertebrates generally cannot adjust their body temperatures and so are at the mercy of the environment. In vertebrates, mechanisms for maintaining body temperature by adjusting heat production and heat loss have evolved. These species are called "cold-blooded" (poikilothermic) because their body temperature fluctuates over a considerable range. In birds and mammals, the ' 'warm-blooded ' ' (homeothermic) animals, a group of reflex responses that are primarily integrated in the hypothalamus operate to maintain body temperature within a narrow range in spite of wide fluctuations in environmental temperature. In birds and mammals, the ' 'warm-blooded ' ' (homeothermic) animals, a group of reflex responses that are primarily integrated in the hypothalamus operate to maintain body temperature within a narrow range in spite of wide fluctuations in environmental temperature.

Temperature balance The balance between heat production and heat loss is continuously being disturbed, either by changes in metabolic rate (exercise being the most powerful influence) or by changes in the external environment that alter heat loss or gain. The balance between heat production and heat loss is continuously being disturbed, either by changes in metabolic rate (exercise being the most powerful influence) or by changes in the external environment that alter heat loss or gain. The resulting changes in body temperature are detected by thermoreceptors, which initiate reflexes that change the output of various effectors so that heat production and/or loss are changed and body temperature is restored toward normal. The resulting changes in body temperature are detected by thermoreceptors, which initiate reflexes that change the output of various effectors so that heat production and/or loss are changed and body temperature is restored toward normal.

Sensory Nerve Endings in the Skin

Heat Exchange in the Skin

Scheme of reflex arc

Head Thermogram Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mm Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mmelectromagnetic radiationwavelength visible lightradio waves redLatincolorlight750nmmmelectromagnetic radiationwavelength visible lightradio waves redLatincolorlight750nmmm

Infrared thermography Infrared thermography is a non-contact, non- destructive test method that utilizes a thermal imager to detect, display and record thermal patterns and temperatures across the surface of an object. Infrared thermography is a non-contact, non- destructive test method that utilizes a thermal imager to detect, display and record thermal patterns and temperatures across the surface of an object. thermography

Thermography in medical practice Right breast cancer Right breast cancer

Clothing and body temperature Clothing is important not only at low temperatures but also at very high temperatures. When the environmental temperature is greater than body temperature, conduction favors heat gain rather than heat loss. Clothing is important not only at low temperatures but also at very high temperatures. When the environmental temperature is greater than body temperature, conduction favors heat gain rather than heat loss. Heat gain also occurs by radiation during exposure to the sun. People therefore insulate themselves in such situations by wearing clothes. The clothing, however, must be loose so as to allow adequate movement of air to permit evaporation. White clothing is cooler since it reflects more radiant energy, which dark colors absorb. Loose-fitting, light-colored clothes are far more cooling than going nude in a hot environment and during direct exposure to the sun. Heat gain also occurs by radiation during exposure to the sun. People therefore insulate themselves in such situations by wearing clothes. The clothing, however, must be loose so as to allow adequate movement of air to permit evaporation. White clothing is cooler since it reflects more radiant energy, which dark colors absorb. Loose-fitting, light-colored clothes are far more cooling than going nude in a hot environment and during direct exposure to the sun.

Summary of Effector Mechanisms in Temperature Regulation

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