Hoofed mammals Ungulates

Ungulates: Refer to mammals with hooves Artiodactyla:_________ Perissodactyla: __________

Hoofed mammals (ungulates) Order _______________ Order _______________ Weight borne on one central toe Weight shared between two central toes

Hoof a modified nail? ___________, ________, and _______ are all composed of two structures: the _________(a scale-like plate; our finger- and toe-nails) and the ___________(a softer layer, found as a very fine layer on the underside of our fingernails) which connect the unguis to the pad of the digit.

Hoof a good modification? ____________________________________ ___________________ Over _______ species

Skulls of ungulates Equus - horse Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Ovis - sheep Sus - pig Camelus - camel

Perissodactyla Contains17 Recent species in three families: Equidae (__________), Tapiridae (________), Rhinocerotidae (______________)

Perissodactyls: ________examples Equus asinus Feral donkey Equus caballus Feral horse (Mustang) Przewalski’s Horse 3 species Zebra

Perrisodatyles are___________ Unique digestive system and dentition to suit their diet. Special ________in their __________ to digest cellulose.

Horse skull Long diastema Canines large in males, small or absent in females Cusps of cheekteeth joined by ridges

Equidae: True wild horses are called the_____________ Horses: y.com/videos/jaws- and-claws-2-wild- horses.html y.com/videos/jaws- and-claws-2-wild- horses.html True wild horses do not look like the domesticated horse which has been bred by humans for over 4,000 years.

Equidae: Zebra’s 3 species: ________ y.com/videos/growing -up-zebra-baby- zebra.html y.com/videos/growing -up-zebra-baby- zebra.html

Perissodactyl: Tapiridae (_______) Average life span in the wild:25 to 30 years ________:Height at shoulder, 29 to 42 inches _______:500 to 800 lbs _______:Endangered

Perissodactyl: Tapiridae (_____) Mountain Tapirs Malayan Tapir Lowland Tapir Bairds Tapir

Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (___________) _________:Endangered DESCRIPTION: There are ______species of rhinos The _______species: white and black rhinos. _________rhinos include the Indian and the Javan The five species range in weight from _____pounds to _______ pounds and stand anywhere from four and a half to six feet tall.

Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceros) _______________: Black Rhino: ______ White Rhino: _____ Sumatran Rhino: ___ Javan Rhino: fewer than ________ Indian Rhino: more than ______

Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (_____________)

Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceros) _________: 35 years. ____________: Rhino habitat ranges from savannas to dense forests in tropical and subtropical regions.

Artiodactyla Artiodactyls are the most________, ______, __________ mammals alive today. They are the fifth largest order of mammals, consisting of approximately 210 species.

______________________ Artiodactyla 1 Domestic Cow Ruminantia 2 Cape Buffalo Ruminantia 3 White-tailed Deer Ruminantia 4 Pygmy Hippopo 5 Caribou Ruminantia 6 Giraffe Ruminantia 7Hippopotamus (Hippopotaminae) 8South American LamaTylopoda 9White-lipped PeccaryTayassuidae 10 Common Warthog Suidae 11Domestic Pig Suidae 12 Camel Tylopoda 13 Collared Peccary 14 Bison Ruminantia

____________ Upper incisors absent, replaced in life by a hard pad on which lower incisors bite _____________ (non ruminants) Male canines curl upward

Artiodactyla: ___________ _______________ ______________ Most are Ruminants Digestion in ruminants occurs sequentially in a ______________ ______________

Compared to the perissodactyla Artiodactyla have cloven feet. Why the difference?

artiodactyls - 1 Capra hircus – goat Camelus dromedarius – camel Cervus timorensis - rusa Sus scrofa – pig

artiodactyls - 2 Antilope cervicapra - blackbuck Bubalus bubalis – buffalo Bos taurus x Bos indicus – cattle Bos javanicus – banteng

And finally, Cetacea Two suborders: –____________ Baleen whales Right whales Rorquals –___________ –Toothed whales Sperm whales Dolphins

How can whales be related to artiodactyla? Astragali of the Eocene protocetids (left) and Artiocetus clavis (right), as compared to that of the pronghorn Antilocapra americana (centre). Note the distinct double-pulley shape.

_____________ __________now indicates clearly that cetaceans are actually artiodactyls that have become totally aquatic

________ Balaena australis Southern Right While Balaenopteridae - Rorquals Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Balaenoptera physalus – Fin whale Balaenidae – Right whales

_________________________ Long, fine baleen of Blue Whale, suitable for filtering krill (tiny crustaceans) Short, coarse baleen of Minke Whale, suitable for trapping small fish Baleen hangs down from palate

Grooves on throat of rorquals are normally pulled tight to make mouth into a beak But when feeding, the whale relaxes the grooves and takes in gallons of water, which it pushes through the baleen and expels, filtering out the prey Balaenoptera musculus – Blue whale

________________________ Delphinus delphis – Common dolphin Orcinus orca – Orca or Killer whale Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm whale Homodont (teeth all alike) usually dozens in each jaw Sperm whale tooth