Japan during the Long 19 th century Industrialization & the Rise of Japan

-Story of Two Cultures on Opposite Paths-

Tokugawa Era 1600-mid 1800s -Period of peace Emphasis on order & conformityEmphasis on order & conformity rigid class structure, discipline, loyalty, isolation from outsiders rigid class structure, discipline, loyalty, isolation from outsiders Weak emperor  strong shogunWeak emperor  strong shogun

Tokugawa Era Isolation – not stagnation Economic growth & peace Economic growth & peace Dutch StudiesDutch Studies Daimyo's “Alternate Attendance System”Daimyo's “Alternate Attendance System” Samurai lose importance/wealth in comparison to merchants

Late Tokugawa Era Increased pressure… West sought to trade w/ Japan West sought to trade w/ Japan Finally U.S. naval officer, Matthew Perry succeeded in 1853Finally U.S. naval officer, Matthew Perry succeeded in 1853 Flood of Western pressure & influence generally led to factionalism & tension Flood of Western pressure & influence generally led to factionalism & tension Re-establish isolation? turn to tradition? doubts about Tokugawa handling? modernize?Re-establish isolation? turn to tradition? doubts about Tokugawa handling? modernize? “ “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians” Russian meeting 1779 British frigate in 1808 U.S. Morrison 1837 U.S. Commodore Perry 1853

Familiar Conditions? 1. Crumbling social structure 2. Foreign pressure ? “Revolutions are about economics.” ? In comparison to China, what can Japan do differently to be more successful? In comparison to China, what can Japan do differently to be more successful?

Late Tokugawa Era Spark… Earthquakes Earthquakes Recession Recession Political maneuvering & brief civil war in 1868 Political maneuvering & brief civil war in 1868

Result? 1868: “Meiji Restoration” Shogun overthrownShogun overthrown Emperor restored to powerEmperor restored to power

Meiji Restoration 1. Selective borrowing from West 2. Effort at modernization & reform IndustrializationIndustrialization Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy Compulsory education & medical advancesCompulsory education & medical advances

Meiji Foreign Policy World Power? Imperialism Imperialism 1. Sino-Japanese War - 2. Russo-Japanese War – Japan acquired Korea, Taiwan, & other islands Japan acquired Korea, Taiwan, & other islands

Timeline = Tokugawa Shogunate = Tokugawa Shogunate Shogun rule, era of peace & relative isolationShogun rule, era of peace & relative isolation : growth of “Dutch Studies” & Western efforts to open trade : growth of “Dutch Studies” & Western efforts to open trade 1853: Commodore Perry opens Japan1853: Commodore Perry opens Japan = Meiji Era = Meiji Era Imperial rule, reform, industrializationImperial rule, reform, industrialization 1905: Russo-Japanese War1905: Russo-Japanese War

Compare and contrast Japan and Russia during the process of industrialization. RUSSIA Tsar in total control Tsar in total control part of wider process of change part of wider process of change Emancipation of serfsEmancipation of serfs urban working class growsurban working class grows state initiated industrialization state initiated industrialization no middle class or capitalno middle class or capital factories huge but not technically advanced factories huge but not technically advanced railroads – 1870srailroads – 1870s export of grain to Westexport of grain to West high tariffs to protect industryhigh tariffs to protect industry expansion of iron & coal industryexpansion of iron & coal industry By 1900, 4 th in world steel productionBy 1900, 4 th in world steel production Western investors build factories Western investors build factories ½ of industry foreign owned½ of industry foreign ownedJAPAN Emperor gains power Emperor gains power part of broader Meiji reforms part of broader Meiji reforms state initiated industrialization state initiated industrialization send samurai overseas to learn technology & science government banks fund trade & provide capital state built railroads, mines, metallurgical industries guilds abolished depended on imports of raw materials depended on imports of raw materials very dependent on world economic situation Zaibatsu-government cooperation limited foreign intervention