Mammalogy: Introduction to Mammals

General ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders >500 new species since 1982; ~ 10 /year monophyletic group derived from therapsids, the mammal-like reptiles about 200 mya

The olinguito, a species of raccoon-like carnivore discovered in the Andes in 2014.

Laotian giant flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus laoensis Discovered in 2012 in a bush meat market in Laos

Unique Characteristics 3 ossicles hair mammae

Other Characters of Mammals: highly differentiated teeth; no more than two sets lower jaw of single bone four-chambered heart anucleate mature red blood cells secondary palate well developed brain endothermic homeothermic separate sexes, XX and XY internal fertilization diaphragm pulmonary artery w/3 semilunar valves

Even More…. folded cerebellum nerve filaments w/3 polypeptides divided optic lobes expanded and differentiated facial musculature complex lung structure epiglottis single aortic trunk 3 meninges in CNS erector pili muscles sebaceous glands sweat glands loop of Henle in kidney heart w/pacemaker and Purkinje fibers epiphyses in longbones and girdles Relatively very small stapes

General Smallest: bumblebee bat or Savi's pygmy shrew; ~ 3 g. Largest: blue whale; to 160,000 kg Found on all continents

Classification of Recent mammals Class Mammalia –S–Subclass Prototheria (early beasts) –S–Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (changed beasts)-short gestation, highly altricial young Infraclass Eutheria (true beasts)- placental mammals

Classification of Recent Mammals Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata; 3 species Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupalia) 7 orders; 273 species; Includes: Order Didelphimorphia (opossums); 63 species Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia) 18 orders; 4370 species: Includes: Order Xenartha (sloths, armadillos, anteaters); 29 species Order Insectivora (moles and shrews); 429 species Order Scandentia (tree shrews); 19 species Order Dermoptera (tree shrews); 2 species Order Chiroptera (bats); 928 species Order Primates; 236 species Order Carnivora; 271 species Order Cetacea (whales); 78 species Order Sirenia (manatees); 5 species Order Proboscidea (elephants); 2 species Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates); 18 species Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes) 6 species Order Tubulidentata (aardvark) 1 species Order Arteriodactyla (even-toed ungulates); 220 species Order Pholidota (pangolins); 7 species Order Rodentia (rodents); 2024 species Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas); 80 species Order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews); 15 species

And now it’s YOUR turn! Order Monotremata and Order Didelphimorphia Order Insectivora Order Chiroptera Order Primata Order Carnivora Order Cetacea Order Perissodactyla Order Arteriodactyla Order Rodentia Order Lagomorpha

The Pennsylvania Story 71 native species –7 orders and 16 families 11 species extirpated –3 of these reintroduced 4 species/subspecies are endangered in PA; 3 threatened –2 of these are also listed federally 7+ are at risk or status undetermined 4 exotics species; 2 other previous exotics are now extirpated

Extirpated

Extirpated-Reintroduced

PA Endangered Northern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus

PA/US Endangered Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis

PA/US Endangered Delmarva Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger cinereus

PA Endangered Least Shrew, Cryptotis parva

PA Threatened Eastern Small-footed Bat, Myotis leibii

PA Threatened West Virginia Water Shrew, Sorex palustris punctulatus

Allegheny Woodrat Neotoma magister

Exotic Norway Rat, Rattus norvegicus

Exotic House Mouse, Mus musculus

Exotic but Extirpated European Hare Lepus europeaus Black Rat, Rattus rattus

Nutria, Myocaster coypus

Feral Hog, Sus scrofia