PIA 3090 Comparative Public Administration

Week 3 Historical Models, “Contemporary Models” and Socio-Economic Change

Presentations “Golden Oldies” Literary Maps

The Public Sector and the Economy (Japan and Chalmers Johnson) Karl Marx- The Other German- Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber

Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism c. Model: (John Armstrong) -Thesis -Antithesis -Synthesis

Dialectic Thesis Antithesis Synthesis

Class Conflict: Four Epochs Slavery Feudalism Capitalism Socialism e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away

Command Economy- Revised by Lenin 1. Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy should manage the economy 2. The development of an elaborate national planning system 3. Keynes- Failure of market 4. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework (Guy Peters) 5. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)

Debate over the Economy 1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K. 2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View 3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union: Command Economy (whole or part)

Continental Europe Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (See John Armstrong). “the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.” Count de Saint-Simon,1831

Social Democracy The Rose Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe The Second International

Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s- 1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism 1. Monetary Policy 2. Fiscal Policy 3. Wage and Price controls

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control 1. Traditional- police and law and order 2. National Defense 3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare 4. Resource Mobilization

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control- Continued 5. Economic Growth generation 6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria (Turner and Holm) 7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world

Agraria vs. Industria

Prologue: Two quotes: "There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1][1] "What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[2][2] [1][1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14. [2][2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3.

Breaktime Ten Minute Break

Comparative Public Administration Issues a. The politics-administration dichotomy b. Environmental and cultural factors are important. Ecology as an issue c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of people's lives

ISSUES d. Comparative as a method- structural- functionalist e. Systemic influence on the individual- role definition, socialization and development of organizations vs. institutions

Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on comparative and development administration. Bad reputation Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss administrative and political development US AID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left the U.S. Now.93 never leaves. Post-Vietnam and Iran

CAG Contined NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and Asia After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug CAG End of Ford grant, 1974 Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine- one-one End of Development as a consensus Northern Tier goal

THEORY DEBATES

End of Macro-Approach 1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with Ferrel Heady) a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government

End of Macro-Approach 2. Things often done by different structures and processes Key:- Who makes rules - who carries out, implements 3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory

The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration b. Comparative Study of: 1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel, inter-governmental relations, policy process 2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania- Not Comparative

Middle Range Theory: a. Problem- largely non-theory b. Focus on specific relationships: eg. bureaucracy and political and moral variables within a country c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"

The Situation in 1989 c. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused institutions 1. Ombudsman 2. Auditor General 3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national authority- the Prefectoral system d. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions are very expensive-run out of money/go back to case studies

From End of Cold War Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist Countries September 11 Democracy and Governance

Mock Question Assess the Asian Model from a Comparative Public Management Perspective. What Socio- Economic Systems does Chalmers Johnson identify? How do they relate to the state? How has government grown according to Peters? According to Johnson, "There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1][1] [1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14. [1]