Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 Lower Appendicular Skeleton

Review of Appendicular skeleton Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Appendicular skeleton = 126 bones  Pectoral girdle (4)  Upper limbs (60)  Pelvic girdle (2)  Lower limbs (60)

Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvis- axial and appendicular 1.Coxal bones- appendicular 2.Sacrum- axial 3.Coccyx- axial = Sacroiliac joint (where axial & appendicular articulate)

Lower Appendicular skeleton Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pelvic girdle (2) (appendicular only) Coxal bones (2)

Lower Appendicular skeleton Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lower limbs (60 total) Femur (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28)

Pelvic girdle bones = 2 coxal bones Slide 5.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a Obturator foramen

Pelvic girdle bones Slide 5.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23b Obturator foramen Connects to sacrum Inferior; “sitdown bone” Anterior; joined by pubis symphysis Deep socket, (3 parts fuse together) Deep socket, (3 parts fuse together) BV & Nerves pass to thigh Iliac Crest

Pelvic girdle bones Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coxal joint Head of femur and Acetabulum of coxal bone

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Femur = thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Greater trochanter Hip flexor & buttocks muscle attachment Art. w/ Acetabulum of coxal bone Art. w/ Patella Art. w/ condyles of tibia

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tibiofemoral joint Medial and lateral condyles of femur to medial and lateral condyles of tibia

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Patella = knee cap  Patella = knee cap Articulates with femur & tibia (at pateller surface)

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Tibia = shin, medial bone of lower leg Figure 5.35c Art. With respective condyles of femur quads tendon attachment

Disorder- shinsplints Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tendons & muscles unable to absorb shock/impact, bone fatigue, & bone remodeling is overloaded (causing pain)

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.40b  Fibula = lateral bone, lower leg Figure 5.35c Muscle attachment & forms outer ankle Art. With underside of lateral condyle of tibia

Lower Limb bones Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Foot  Tarsus(tarsals)- “ankle bones”  Metatarsals – where shoelaces are  Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25

Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tarsus (tarsals): Know names (but not locations):  Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms (3)  navicular  Cuboid  Talus  calcaneus Must know location & importance: 1.Talus 2.Calcaneus Figure 5.25

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Talus = ankle, articulates with tibia and fibula  Calcaneus = largest, “heel bone” Figure 5.25

Lower Limb bones Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metatarsals of foot:  Where shoelaces are  Numbered Phalanges of foot:  Toes  Also numbered Figure 5.25 I II III IV V distal Big Toe = no middle!

Disorder- Fallen Arches Slide 5.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  3 arches  2 longitudinal  1 transverse  Held in place by ligaments  Fallen Arches = Flat Foot (painful) Figure 5.26

Disorder- bunion Big toe curves in, caused by bone/tissue build up = painful Slide 5.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.26

Gender Differences of the Skeleton Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c Iliac crest 2. Pelvis differences: Female: Pubic Arch = > 90  Sacrum = Shorter Iliac Crest = flares more laterally Pelvic Inlet = larger, more circular Iliac crest 1. Size of entire skeleton