Physical Properties of Water

* Water statistics  Covers 75% of Earth’s surface  97% oceans  3% freshwater  2% (of Total) in ice caps and glaciers  1% in lakes, underground, or in atmosphere (usable by humans)  Makes up 70% of the human body  92% of blood plasma  80% of muscle tissues  60% of red blood cells (why understanding it is important!)

Physical properties Water:  Is clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless * Colors, tastes and odors are caused by substances dissolved in the water.  Boils at 100°C  Freezes at 0°C  Density = 1.0 g/mL (at 4°C)  Water is a Polar Molecule

Polarity of Water  In a water molecule two hydrogen atoms form covalent bonds with an oxygen atom.  These covalent bonds cause the oxygen atom to be slightly negatively charged and the hydrogen atoms to be slightly positively charged  There are two oppositely charged ends so it is said to be polar

 Water has a variety of unusual properties because of attractions between these polar molecules.  The slightly negative regions of one molecule are attracted to the slightly positive regions of nearby molecules, forming a hydrogen bond.  Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 3.1

Adhesion – water sticking to other molecules due to its polarity  The adhesion of water leads to two important properties: 1. Water as a “universal” solvent  Water only dissolves polar molecules  Ex: Salt  Sugar  Carbon Dioxide  Oxygen 2. Capillary action a) Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton. 1. Making it able to “climb” objects against the forces of gravity b) Check this out Check this out  Adhesion is also what causes water to bead on plants and other materials

Cohesion – water molecules sticking to each other due to their polarity  The cohesion of water molecules leads to two important properties: 1. Surface Tension – the attraction between water molecules at the surface of the liquid a) Water has a greater surface tension than most other liquids because hydrogen bonds among surface water molecules resist stretching or breaking the surface b) Water behaves as if covered by an invisible film. 2. High Specific Heat – it takes a lot of energy to warm up water and it takes a very long time for warm water to cool off 1. Due to the fact that its hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming

“Water vapor forms a kind of global ‘blanket’ which helps to keep the earth warm. Heat radiated from the sun-warmed surface of the earth is absorbed and held by the vapor.”