Guiding Questions: Road to the Civil War  1) What were the various causes of the Civil War?  2) How did the issue of slavery and expansion lead to the War between the States?

Causes of the Civil War  Long-Term  Slavery & Expansion **Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act “Bleeding Kansas”  Sectionalism Dred Scott v. Sandford Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Causes of the Civil War  Short-Term  John Brown’s Raid  Election of 1860 = Abraham Lincoln  Secession  Fort Sumter

Missouri Compromise  Issue: Should slavery be allowed in Western territories & states?  1819 – Balance of power in Senate between “slave” and “free” states (North & South)  1820 – Missouri territory will become a state; “slave” or “free”  The Missouri Compromise temporarily settled the issue of slavery and expansion.  Missouri = “slave” state ; Maine = “free” state  Divide the West at the 36 ‘ North Latitude Line

Compromise of 1850  California statehood = added as a free state.  Allowed New Mexico to decide (on slavery) = popular sovereignty  Stronger Fugitive Slave laws  1) denied fugitives trial  2) arrest all runaways (in North & West)  3) citizens were required to help capture runaways  California statehood = added as a free state.  Allowed New Mexico to decide (on slavery) = popular sovereignty  Stronger Fugitive Slave laws  1) denied fugitives trial  2) arrest all runaways (in North & West)  3) citizens were required to help capture runaways

Compromise of 1850

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe  Put a human face on slavery  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  Encouraged Abolition in North  Enraged Southerners  Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe  Put a human face on slavery  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  Encouraged Abolition in North  Enraged Southerners

Kansas-Nebraska Act  1854  Kansas & Nebraska attempt to enter Union  Congress allows for Popular Sovereignty – nullifies Missouri Compromise  People come from all around to vote for & against slavery  “Bleeding Kansas” = violence erupts in Kansas between pro & anti-slavery voters  Continues to divide nation (north & south)

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sandford  Dred Scott = slave from Missouri  Sued for freedom in 1846  Argued that he lived with his master in free territory during 1830s  Appeals made it to Supreme Court  1857  Supreme Court ruled against Scott  Said African Americans were not citizens, and had no right to sue in court  Congress had no right to ban slavery  Northerners=furious; Southerners=thrilled

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raid  John Brown = radical Abolitionist  Planned a raid on an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA  Wanted to get weapons, arm slaves, and lead an uprising in the South  Raid failed  John Brown was captured, tried, and put to death  Became a martyr for abolitionist movement  Southerners=scared of more uprisings!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Election of 1860  Presidential Election  Abraham Lincoln = Republican candidate  Republicans did not want to end slavery in the South; Only in the Western territories  Democrat (southern)vote was split…wasted votes on 2 candidates  Lincoln wins Election without winning any Southern states  Wasn’t on the ballot in some states  Southerners are furious and scared

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Secession  South Carolina decided in Dec. 1860, to secede from the Union (U.S.A.)  Worried that the Republicans were “hostile to slavery”  Leave U.S. before losing slavery  Secede = withdraw from Union  February 1861  7 Southern states seceded (deep South)  South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas  Formed a government = the Confederate States of America

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter  Fort Sumter = U.S. fort in Charleston, SC  April 12, Southerners fired on the Fort***This started the Civil War  April 15, 1861 – Lincoln declared “insurrection” in South  Called for 75,000 troops  4 more states joined the Confederacy  Arkansas, TENNESSEE, North Carolina, Virginia*  READY FOR WAR…

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Bell Work – Quick Review  Write a response to following prompt using complete sentences:  How did the presidential election of 1860 influence South Carolina’s decision to secede from the Union?  4  Utilizes well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient evidence to develop a strong topic.  Contains at least 2-3 pieces of supporting evidence.  Contains a logical and relevant introduction and conclusion.  3  Utilizes relevant and sufficient evidence to adequately develop the topic.  Contains 1-2 pieces of supporting evidence.  Contains a relevant introduction and conclusion.  2  Does not sufficiently utilize evidence to develop the topic.  Contains no strong supporting evidence.  No coherent introduction or conclusion.