Energy production and catabolism

TABLE 13.1

ATP contains a base, sugar, and three phosphates. Under physiological conditions, ATP always forms a complex with Mg 2+. Adenosine Triphosphate Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7A

Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is another related coenzyme that can transfer electrons. - FADH 2 : reduced form - FAD: oxidized form Unlike NAD +, FAD is reduced by two electrons and two protons. FADH Figure 13.7B

Enzymes couple specific energy-yielding reactions with energy-requiring reactions. Enzymes Figure 13.9

Microbes catalyze many different kinds of substrates or catabolites. Figure 13.11

Figure 13.13

Glucose is catabolized via three main routes. Glucose Breakdown Figure 13.15

In the EMP pathway, a glucose molecule undergoes a stepwise breakdown to two pyruvate molecules. Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas Pathway Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Figure 13.19

Figure 13.20

Figure 13.21

Figure 13.24

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by a very large multisubunit enzyme called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). - The net reaction is: Pyruvate + NAD + + CoA → Acetyl-CoA + CO 2 + NADH + H + Figure 13.25A

Figure 13.27

Figure 13.28

Aromatic Catabolism In anaerobic conditions, benzoate undergoes reductive degradation instead of oxidation. - Benzoate is first activated by acetyl-CoA, then it is reduced by NADPH. Figure 13.30A