Preparation & Process Formal Speeches

O Preparing to speak O Knowing audience O Understanding purpose O Planning for a speech O Using audience and purpose O Gathering information O Using appeals to reach audience and meet purpose O Organizing information O Drafting a speech O Practicing a speech O Presenting a speech

Preparing to Speak O Know your audience O Speaking to different audiences may mean a different approach is needed O How is speaking to your parents different than speaking to your friends? Different than speaking to a judge? A teacher? O Understand your purpose in speaking O One’s purpose in speaking may change the way the speech is presented O Is the speech informative? Persuasive? Explanatory? A debate?

Planning for a Speech O Planning for a speech O Using audience and purpose O Gathering information O Using appeals to reach audience and meet purpose O Organizing information O Drafting speech O Practicing speech O Presenting speech Does this remind you of another process??

Audience Appeals O Both speakers and listeners are impacted by three different appeals in communication O The speaker uses the appeal in the message O The listener is impacted by the appeal used O Logical appeal (logos) O When the audience is provided factual evidence and logical organization in the communication. O Emotional appeal (pathos) O When the speaker appeals to the listener’s emotions (ex: sense of justice, family, love, etc.) O Ethical appeal (ethos) O When the speaker shows the audience that she is honest, has integrity, and a strong sense of right and wrong O United approach (using all appeals) O When the speaker uses two or all of the appeals

Organizing a Speech Select an organizational pattern that matches with purpose O Chronological pattern O Puts events or information in a time sequence O Example: Evolution of a nation O Climactic pattern O Organizes information by order of importance, often saving the most important or impact-filled statement for last O Example: Types of lunches available in cafeteria O Spatial pattern O Divides topic on the basis of space relationships O Example: Tour of the Learning Resource Center O Cause-Effect pattern O Explaining relationships between or among ideas O Example: Causes and Effects of Anorexia O Problem-Solution pattern O Organization presents problem(s) and solution(s) O Example: Recycling programs How will I organize my speech?

Outlining a Speech Speaking outlines are very similar to expository essay outlines! O Three parts in a formal speech: O Introduction O Body O Conclusion I. Introduction A. Attention-getter B. Link C. Thesis D. Preview statement Speeches have a preview statement: a sentence at the end of the introduction that gives the audience an overview of the major areas that will be presented in the body of the speech. Essays DO NOT.

Outlining a Speech O Body paragraph organization is dependent on the speech itself, but each body paragraph must… O …clearly state the main idea O … support the main ideas with details and/or evidence O … explain the support used in the speech II. Body A.First main idea 1.Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conclusion/ Trans. 2. Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conclusion B. Second main idea …

Outlining a Speech O Conclusions are similar to expository essays, too! O Restate your main idea O Leave the listeners with a “so what” reflection O Could be a reference to your attention-getter in the introduction O May use some of the same word choices as attention-getter or linking sentences. III. Conclusion A. Reworded thesis & preview statement B. Clincher/ Speaker’s Comment

Parts of a Speech I. Introduction A. Attention- getter B. Link C. Thesis D. Preview statement II. Body A.First main idea 1.Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conc./ Trans. 2. Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conclusion B. Second main idea … III. Conclusion A. Reworded thesis & preview statement B. Clincher/ Speaker’s Comment How are speaking outlines and essay outlines similar? Different?

Parts of a Speech I. Introduction A. Attention- getter B. Link C. Thesis D. Preview statement II. Body A.First main idea 1.Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conc./ Trans. 2. Sub-Idea a. Detail b. Support c. Conclusion B. Second main idea … III. Conclusion A. Reworded thesis & preview statement B. Clincher/ Speaker’s Comment Personal experience or narrative speeches follow this format, but it may be helpful to plan for these speeches using a chronological outline. Think about the plot line from literature: personal experiences can be communicated through an exposition, rising action, climactic moment and resolution (realization).

Drafting a Speech O Create a speaking outline O Use the outline to remember your main ideas, details, and supports O Keep audience’s attention with visual details O Vivid imagery O Use the five senses to engage your audience’s imagination and need for visual images O Include references to sight, sound, feel, taste, scent O Metaphors O Use like or as to make a comparison statement O Example: A high school diploma is the key that will give you the potential to unlock many occupational doors later in life.

Drafting a Speech O Plan for engaging word choices O Alliteration – repetition of the initial sound of two or more words that are close together O Example: The will to win takes work toward a worthwhile cause. O Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds O Example: We believe that peace means a chance for all of the oppressed people of the world... O Consonance – repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the words O Example: I love to hike in the mountains and see the sunrise. O Repetition of words – repeating words or phrases for effect O Example: Treat your car with respect. Your car will take care of you as long as you take care of your car.

Practicing a Speech O Practice, practice, practice! O Give your speech to a mirror O Listen to your word choices O Record yourself and watch your speech O Watch for non-verbal gestures and “time waster” words O Ask for peer feedback! Give speech to a friend or family member O Speech content O Are the main ideas clear? Did I engage the audience? Was any part of the speech boring? Were my word choices effective? O Presentation format O Did I use effective presentation skills? Were my non-verbal gestures appropriate? Did I make effective eye contact? Did I eliminate “time waster” words? (Ex. Um, like, well, uh…) I’m going to rock this speech!

Presenting a Speech O Preparation is key to an effective speech O Use the process to plan for success O Develop an effective speaking outline for you to use O Practice well in advance of “speech day” O Admit any fears and work to overcome them O Dress appropriately on the big day! O Dressing the part O Most presenters dress formally when giving a formal speech O Wear what makes you confident, comfortable O Being physically prepared to speak O Don’t speak on an empty stomach; eliminate “jitters” O Check physical appearance (teeth, clothing) before speaking O Get a good night’s sleep We’re beasts when it comes to speeches!