Objective  The objective of this topic is to understand the methods of heat transfer Outcomes At the end of this session, students should be able to:  Recognise heat as a form of energy  Recognise the three types of energy transfer (Conduction, Convection and Radiation)  Describe convection in liquid or gas  Describe the process of heat radiation and that black is a good radiator

 If a cup of hot coffee and an ice cube were left on the table in this room what would happen to them?  The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches room temperature. The ice cube will melt and then the liquid will cool to room temperature.  Why?  They both have to adapt the rates at which the temperature changes in the room

Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference from a warmer area to a cooler area. Heat is a type of energy called thermal energy. 1. Conduction During heat transfer, thermal energy always moves in the same direction: HOT COLD 2. Convection 3. Radiation Heat can be transferred (moved) by three main processes:

Conduction  Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a medium or material without any movement of the medium or material 5

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and so is the heat. We call this?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. The metal conducts the heat away from your hands, the wood does not conduct the heat away from your hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than the metal.

 Some materials conduct heat more rapidly than others  Such materials are called thermal conductors  Most metals are good thermal conductors 8

9

 Which is the best conductor? --> Brass --> Iron --> Water 10 Material Thermal conductivity (W/mk) Brass106 Iron84 Water0.56 Wood0.13 Air0.024  Which is the least conductor? --> Air

Second method of heat transfer

12 Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of currents in liquids or gases Definition!

How does convection in a liquid occur?

What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you heat them? The particles spread out and become less dense. This effects fluid movement. What is a fluid? A liquid or gas.

Cooler, more d____, fluids sink through w_____, less dense fluids. In effect warmer liquids and gases r___ up. Cooler liquids and gases s___. ense armer ise ink

Hot water rises Cooler water sinks Convection current Cools at the surface

Why is the freezer compartment at the top of a fridge? Where is the freezer compartment put in a fridge? It is put at the top, because cool air sinks, so it cools the food on the way down. It is warmer at the bottom, so this warmer air rises and a convection current is set up.

Third method of heat transfer

 Radiation is the transfer of heat, in the form of waves, from one place to another without a medium. 21

How does heat energy get from the Sun to the Earth? There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so it CANNOT travel by conduction or by convection. ? RADIATION

Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves. This means that infrared waves act like light waves: They can travel through a vacuum. They travel at the same speed as light – 300,000,000 m/s. They can be reflected and absorbed. What are infrared waves? Infrared waves heat objects that absorb them and are also known as thermal radiation. These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength.

Radiation travels in straight lines True/False Radiation can travel through a vacuum True/False Radiation requires particles to travel True/False Radiation travels at the speed of light True/False

Four containers were filled with warm water. Which container would have the warmest water after ten minutes? Shiny metal Dull metal Dull black Shiny black The __________ container would be the warmest after ten minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat _______ back into the container so less is lost. The ________ container would be the coolest because it is the best at _______ heat radiation. shiny metal radiation dull black emitting

Four containers were placed equidistant from a heater. Which container would have the warmest water after ten minutes? The __________ container would be the warmest after ten minutes because its surface absorbs heat _______ the best. The _________ container would be the coolest because it is the poorest at __________ heat radiation. dull black radiation shiny metal absorbing Shiny metal Dull metal Dull black Shiny black

29

1. Which of the following is not a method of heat transfer? A.Radiation B.Insulation C.Conduction D.Convection

2. In which of the following are the particles closest together? A.Solid B.Liquid C.Gas D.Fluid

3. How does heat energy reach the Earth from the Sun? A.Radiation B.Conduction C.Convection D.Insulation

4. Which is the best surface for reflecting heat radiation? A.Shiny white B.Dull white C.Shiny black D.Dull black

5. Which is the best surface for absorbing heat radiation? A.Shiny white B.Dull white C.Shiny black D.Dull black