CHAPTER 12 Using Language

The system of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings Language

 Language is symbolic  Words have multiple meanings  Denotative meanings  Connotative meanings  Thought informs language and vice versa (cognitive language)  E.G. What is a “good school?” The Nature of Language

Using Language Accurately  Accuracy and credibility  Subtle differences in like terms

Problems with Language ► Abstraction and meaning  High- and Low-level abstractions ► “Pick up a pizza tonight” V.S. “Pick up a veggie pizza on wheat crust from Michelangelo's.”  Evasion ► Mom: “Where are you going?” ► Son: “Just out, Mom!”

Problems with Language cont.  Equivocation “That’s not an ugly sweater, Honey. It’s… colorful!”  Euphemism He didn't’t die, he passed away.  Slang/Jargon Poker Jargon

Using Language Clearly  Use familiar words  Choose concrete words  Eliminate clutter

Using Language Vividly  Vivid, animated language  Imagery  Concrete words  Simile  Metaphor

Using Language Vividly  Rhythm  Parallelism  Repetition  Alliteration  Antithesis

Using Language Appropriately  Appropriateness to the occasion  Appropriateness to the audience  Appropriateness to the topic  Appropriateness to the speaker

Using Inclusive Language  Avoid generic “he”  Don’t stereotype jobs by social roles and gender  Use terms that groups use themselves