Elements The elements, alone or in combinations, make up our bodies, our world, our sun, and in fact, the entire universe.

Periodic Table  Information about an element can be gathered from its position on the period table.

Periodic Table

Metals

Properties of Metals Metals appear to the left of the dark ziz-zag line. Most metals are solid at room temperature however Hg is liquid. Metals appear to the left of the dark ziz-zag line. Most metals are solid at room temperature however Hg is liquid.

Properties of Metals Metals have luster. This means they are shiny Metals have luster. This means they are shiny

Properties of Metals Ductile metals can be drawn into wire. Ductile metals can be drawn into wire.

Properties of Metals Malleable metals can be hammered into sheets Malleable metals can be hammered into sheets

Properties of Metals Metals have a high melting point. Some are very dense. Magnetic properties – Fe, Co, Ni, Nd Metals have a high melting point. Some are very dense. Magnetic properties – Fe, Co, Ni, Nd

Properties of Metals Conductors Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat Conductors Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat

Properties of Metals Chemical properties:  React by losing electrons to other atoms  corrosion  may be very reactive-family 1 or lack reactivity like Au Chemical properties:  React by losing electrons to other atoms  corrosion  may be very reactive-family 1 or lack reactivity like Au

ALKALI METALS  Group 1 – soft and shiny  React by losing 1 electron, never found uncombined in nature  Na and K important elements for life  Li – batteries and some medicines ALKALINE EARTH METALS  Fairly hard, gray-white, good conductors of electricity  React by losing 2 electrons  More reactive than most metals but less than family 1  Mg and Ca most common TRANSITION METALS  Hard, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity  Many form colorful compounds  Less reactive; used in jewelry  Fe – essential for hemoglobin production

METALS in groups  Less reactive  AL used in cans and airplanes  Sn – thin coating protects steel from corrosion  Pb (poisonous) used in batteries LANTHANIDES Soft, shiny, malleable metals with high conductivity Used in alloys with more common elements Found together in nature; difficult to separate because they share common properties ACTINIDES Ac, Th, Pa, and U are found in nature All others are synthetic elements made in particle accelerators

Nonmetals

Properties of Nonmetals  Nonmetals are found to the right of the dark zig-zag.  Hydrogen, found above family 1 is a nonmetal.  Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature. (Br is a liquid.)  Nonmetals are found to the right of the dark zig-zag.  Hydrogen, found above family 1 is a nonmetal.  Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature. (Br is a liquid.)

Properties of Nonmetals Nonmetals do not have luster; they are dull.

Properties of Nonmetals Brittle Nonmetals are brittle so they break easily. This means nonmetals ARE NOT ductile or malleable. Brittle Nonmetals are brittle so they break easily. This means nonmetals ARE NOT ductile or malleable.

Properties of Nonmetals Nonmetals have low density.

Properties of Nonmetals  have a low melting point.  are poor conductors of heat and electricity.  have a low melting point.  are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Properties of Nonmetals Chemical  Most are reactive  F is the most reactive element known  Family 18 rarely form compounds  Usually gain or share electrons Chemical  Most are reactive  F is the most reactive element known  Family 18 rarely form compounds  Usually gain or share electrons

Carbon Family Gain or lose 4 electrons Compounds made from C are found in all living things Most fuels that are burned for energy contain C, coal, gasoline, oil Nitrogen Family N and P gain or share 3 electrons Atmosphere is 78% N 2, a diatomic molecule all living things need N but cannot process it P is more reactive, always found in compounds in nature **Diatomic Molecule – two atoms of the same element bonded together

Oxygen Usually gains or shares 2 electrons; O, S, Se O is most abundant element in crust and 21% of atmosphere O 2 – diatomic molecule living things breathe O 3 – triatomic molecule; Ozone in upper atmosphere – screens out harmful radiation from the sun Ozone at ground level it is a dangerous pollutant – highly reactive Halogens – means salt-forming  Gains or shares 1 electron  F – used to prevent tooth decay, non-stick pans  Cl – used to kill bacteria, NaCl, CaCl melts ice on roads  Br – used in photographic film  I – medical uses

NOBLE/INERT GASES  Do not usually gain, lose, or share electrons  Found in small amounts in atmosphere  He balloons  Neon lights also made with Xe and Ar HYDROGEN Doesn’t have a family because of its unique properties 90% of the atoms of the universe Only 1% of earth’s of mass of Earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere Most is found in the form of water

Metalloids

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids may be found clustered around the dark zig-zag line that separates metals and nonmetals.

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids may have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids are solids that can be shiny or dull.

Properties of Metalloids Varying ability to conduct electricity depends on temperature, exposure to light, and impurities

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids are brittle, hard and somewhat reactive Metalloids are brittle, hard and somewhat reactive

 Si – combine with O to form sand; used to make glass  B – a compound of B and O is used during the glass-making process to make heat resistant glass; also used in cleaning materials  Useful as semiconductors which conduct under some conditions but not others computer chips- Metalloids

Q: Where are metals found on the periodic table? A: on the left side of the table Q: What are the physical properties of metals? A: luster, ductile, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, high melting points, magnetic Q: What are the chemical properties of metals? A: react by losing electrons to other atoms corrosion – the destruction of metal through oxidation tarnish Q: What are the properties of the alkali metals? A: shiny and soft; very reactive- lose one electron; never found uncombined in nature

Q: What are the properties of the alkaline earth metals? A: reactive, losing 2 electrons; Mg and Ca are the most common Q: What are the properties of the transition metals? A: are less reactive; used in alloys Q: How are Pb, Sn, and Al used? A: Pb is used to shield x-rays; Sn is used as a coating on steel cans to prevent corrosion; Al is used in airplanes and soda cans Q: Where are the lanthanides found on the periodic table and how are they used? A: the first row beneath the table; used in alloys; hard to separate because they found together and have similar properties

Q: Where are actinides found and how are they unique? A: The actinides are found in the bottom row beneath the periodic table. Only four exist in nature – U (92) is the last natural element. The others are synthetic, made in a lab often lasting only a few seconds because they are so unstable Q: Give an example of how the ductility of a metal could be used. A: Cu is used to make wires that carry electricity. Q: Why do cooking utensils often have wooden handles? A: metals conduct heat; handles are wooden so hands don’t get burned Q: How are elements synthesized? A: a particle accelerator is used to smash nuclei together so that they combine to form a single nucleus

Q: What properties are found among the nonmetals? A: many are gases or dull, brittle solids; lower densities, are poor conductors of heat and electricity; readily form compounds except for group 18; gain or share electrons Q: Where are the non metals found on the periodic table? A: found on the right side of the table Q: Which nonmetal is liquid at room temperature? A: Br Q: Compare the halogens and the noble gases? A: Both groups are nonmetals, but halogens are very reactive while the noble gases are not.

Q: Where are the metalloids found on the periodic table? A: on either side of the zigzag line Q: What are three uses of metalloids? A: used in making glass; cleaning materials, and computer chips Q: What property makes certain metalloids useful as switches to turn small and electric current on and off. A: some metalloids, semiconductors, conduct electricity under some conditions but not under others