ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 11 The Blood

Blood is the only fluid tissue The Blood

Made of formed elements 45% Mainly 3 RBC WBC Platelets The Blood

And a fluid called: Plasma 55% The Blood

Blood pH The Blood Volume in healthy males 5-6 liters approx. 6 quarts Acid or Alkaline? Alkaline

90% water and many dissolved substances like: Proteins are the most abundant solutes. Made by the liver. Albumin Antibodies Plasma Nutrients Salts (ions) Respiratory gases Hormones Proteins Waste products

Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells RBC Function Formed Elements - Erythrocytes Carry oxygen

Have no nucleus Biconcave disc shape Formed Elements - Erythrocytes

250 million HGB molecules on one RBC Formed Elements - Erythrocytes Hemoglobin – iron protein on the RBC that carries oxygen

Normal HGB count Male: Female: Erythrocytes

Normal RBC count million per cubic mm Male: Female: Erythrocytes

RBCs live for about days Old RBCs are broken down by the liver and the spleen Erythrocytes

Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin Produced by the kidney Erythrocytes

 in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood Caused by several reasons: Anemia

Hemorrhagic anemia Anemia  in # of RBC. Caused by blood loss

Hemolytic Anemia Anemia  in # of RBC. Caused by destruction of RBC. Infection Wrong blood type transfusion

Pernicious Anemia Anemia  in # of RBC. Caused by lack of Vitamin B12 Lack of intrinsic factor in stomach needed to absorb B12

Aplastic Anemia Anemia  in # of RBC. Caused by destruction of bone marrow Cancer Radiation Medication

Iron Deficiency Anemia Anemia  amount of HGB. Caused by lack of iron in diet or from a slow bleed: menstrual period gastric ulcer

Sickle Cell Anemia Anemia Abnormal HGB. Genetic Sickle shape RBC occurs mainly in African Americans

Polycythemia Erythrocytes Excessive # of RBC Caused by: Bone marrow cancers High altitudes Blood is thicker Blood flow is sluggish

White Blood Cell WBC Leukocytes Function: Fight infection

Normal WBC count Leukocytes 4, ,000 per cubic mm Less than 1% of total blood volume

Leukocytosis Leukocytes More than 11,000/mm 3 Indicates bacterial or viral infection

Leukopenia Leukocytes  WBC count. Usually caused by drugs

Leukemia Leukocytes “ White Blood ” Huge # of WBC Cannot do their job Cancer

2 major groups of Leukocytes Leukocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Contain granules Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Leukocytes Granulocytes

Neutrophils Phagocytes: Eat and destroy foreign material Most numerous Leukocytes Granulocytes

Eosinophils  In response to allergies, parasites, worms Leukocytes Granulocytes

Basophils Release histamines and promote inflammatory response Leukocytes Granulocytes

No granules Lymphocytes Monocytes Leukocytes Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes  In response to immune needs. Form antibodies Leukocytes Agranulocytes

Monocytes Largest in size Macrophages (large phagocyte) Used to fight chronic infections like TB Leukocytes Agranulocytes

Platelets Thrombocytes Normal count: 300,000 per cubic mm

Thrombocytes Actually not cell but rather cell fragments

Thrombocytes Helps blood to coagulate (clot)

Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation

Hematopoiesis Occurs in red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis All cells start out as a stem cell called a hemocytoblast.

Erythrocyte Red Blood Cell RBC

leukocyte White Blood Cell WBC

Thrombocyte Platelet

Hemostasis “ Blood standing still ” Stops bleeding Started by tear or interruption in the blood vessel lining

Hemostasis Occurs in 3 phases: Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting - coagulation

Hemostasis Coagulation 4 things happen at once

Coagulation 1. Platelets adhere to the damaged site and release serotin which causes vasoconstriction (blood vessel gets smaller) Vascular spasm occurs A chemical is released that attracts more platelets. Clotting occurs

Coagulation 2. Thromboplastin is released at the time of tissue injury Can only work if Calcium and prothrombin are present Thromboplastin and Prothrombin are both proteins produced by the liver AT THE SAME TIME

Coagulation 3. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin (occurs only if there is bleeding) Must have Vitamin K to be converted

Coagulation 4. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin These threadlike structures layer themselves over the wound Thrombin and fibrin layer

Coagulation Blood normally coagulates (clots) in 3-6 minutes

Coagulation So …… you get a cut ….. Serotin produced Vaso constriction Thromboplastin released Prothrombin converted to thrombin Fibrinogen converted to fibrin Thrombin and fibrin layer

Thrombus Thrombocyte Disorders A clot in a blood vessel

embolus Thrombocyte Disorders Clot floating freely in the blood stream

thrombocytopenia Thrombocyte Disorders Insufficient # of platelets

petechiae Thrombocyte Disorders Small purple red blotches on the skin caused from bleeding

Protein marker found on RBC plasma membrane. It identifies the substance as belonging person Blood Groups Antigen Antibodies Defense against something foreign in the body

Blood Groups

A antigen B antibody Blood Groups Type A B AB O B antigen A antibody A & B antigen no A antibody, No B antibody no antigen A & B antibody

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A B AB O

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41 B AB O

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41 B12 AB O

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41 B12 AB3 O

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41 B12 AB3 O44

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41A B12 AB3 O44

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41A B12B AB3 O44

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41A B12B AB3 O44

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41A B12B AB3 O44none

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41AB B12B AB3 O44none

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41AB B12BA AB3 O44none

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41AB B12BA AB3 None O44none

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41AB B12BA AB3 None O44noneA & B

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, O B12BA AB3 None O44noneA & B

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, O B12BAB,O AB3 None O44noneA & B

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, O B12BAB,O AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O O44noneA & B

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, O B12BAB,O AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O O44noneA & BO

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, OA, AB B12BAB,O AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O O44noneA & BO

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, OA, AB B12BAB,OB, AB AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O O44noneA & BO

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, OA, AB B12BAB,OB, AB AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O AB O44noneA & BO

Blood type % US Population Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma Can receive Can Donate to A41ABA, OA, AB B12BAB,OB, AB AB3 NoneA,B, AB,O AB O44noneA & BOA, B, AB, O

T&C Blood Groups Type and cross match Identifies blood type and compares donor to recipient

Rh Blood Groups Most people are Rh positive. 85% 15% are Rh negative + -

Rh Blood Groups Pregnant females who are Rh – and carrying an Rh+ baby: 1 st baby - no problems

Rh Blood Groups Pregnant females who are Rh – and carrying an Rh+ baby: Each baby after: Mother has formed antibodies after 1 st birth of Rh + baby. Antibodies can cross placenta barrier and harm baby

Rh Blood Groups Why? When the placenta separates from the uterus there is bleeding. The placenta has two parts. One part is genetically part of the fetus one is genetically part of the mom.

Rh Blood Groups Why? When mom is exposed to the blood from the placenta, she develops antibodies against this “ foreign ” material. The antibodies are there when the next pregnancy occurs. They can cross the placenta barrier and harm the baby

Rh Blood Groups If baby is Rh-? No problem

Rh Blood Groups Treatment? Rhogam Must be treated to prevent mom from forming anti Rh antibodies

Developmental jaundice Developmental Yellow Immature liver cannot rid body of old RBCs fast enough. This causes a yellow tint to the skin and mucous membranes.

Developmental jaundice Developmental Generally resolves itself. Phototherapy or Sunlight helps

Erythrocyte? Red Blood Cell Review

Formed blood elements are suspended in a fluid called? plasma Review Blood volume of an average adult? 5-6 liters

Normal pH of blood? 7.35 – 7.45 Review A person with type A blood can receive what blood type(s)? A and O

What vitamin is important in blood coagulation? Vitamin K Review Normal hemoglobin ? 12 – 18 Male: Female:

What is fibrinogen converted to? fibrin Review What is the most common blood type? O

thrombocyte? platelet Review Protein marker on the RBC to identify ? antigen

A defense against foreign matter in the body? antibody Review Blood clot in a vessel? thrombus

Iron protein found on RBC? hemoglobin Review Cell which fights infection? WBC

Review ? plasma