به نام پروردگارِ کریمی که همواره دامنِ رحمتش برای همگان گسترده است و آنگاه که بندگانش در تاریکی جهل خود را فراموش می کنند یاوریش را به میدانِ جانشان هدیه می نماید تا با یاریش از جا برخیزند و تاریکیِ باورهای غلط را به روشناییِ درکی روشن درمان کنند.

 In per microliter of blood:4000 to 10,000 leukocytes  White blood cells originate from the primitive stem cells in the bone marrow.

a. Mainly functions to protect against disease. b. Works mainly outside the the blood stream c. Diapedesis - squeezing through blood vessels.

Leukocytosis :(WBC Leukocytosis :(WBC above 10,000/mm 3) Infection Leukopenia :( WBC acute appendicitis. Leukopenia :( WBC below 5,000/mm3. Flu AIDS, typhoid fever chicken pox.

 Indicate the number of WBC in 1μlit blood volume and compare to normal state

1. Fresh blood 2. Anticoagulated blood  EDTA  Double Oxalate  Citrate  Heparin  Etc.

Marcano: Acid asetic → lysis RBC Metilen blue → colouring WBC

Method

Neubaure hemocytometer lam

W 1 mm Neuobare homocytometer lam

1 mm High 0.1 mm.

WBC Count Calculation  N= (n 1 +n 2 +n 3 +n 4 )/4 × volume factor × dilusion factor volume factor = 10 dilution factor = 20

Hemoglobin: the iron-containing oxygen- transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells 100ml: 15gr Hb 1gr Hb: 1/34ml O2 100ml: 20 ml O2

Hemoglobin Concentration (Hb) Weight of hemoglobin per a unit volume of blood (gm / dL) Normal range: Male: 16±2 gr/dl Female:14±2 gr/dl Newborn: 18-20gr/dl

 Methemoglobin : 1- In normal state: 1.5% 2- In cyanosis state: >10% 3-To cure cyanide poisoning.

 Direct and Indirect  Direct : Purify hemoglobin and weight (Not in use at present)  Indirect : Determine the amount of Hb by its physical or chemical properties

 **Hemoglobinometer set (540nm)  1-Spectrometric methods or Cyanomethemoglobin method.  2- Drapkin’s solution (PH:7-7.4)

 Drapkin’s solution (potassium ferricyanide, potassium cyanide, potassium phosphate, D.W)  Converts all forms of hemoglobin to cyanomethemoglobin (solution appears red)  HbO2 (Fe 2 + ) + Fe 3 + (from ferricyanide) MetHb (Fe 3 + ) + O 2 + Fe 2 +  MetHb + CN MetHbCN ( cyanomethemoglobin) Drapkin’s solution 5ml Drapkin’s solution + 20 µl blood

HG-202