Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular System

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-1: Functions & Characteristics Characteristics of Blood –38°C (100.4°F) –High viscosity –pH 7.35–7.45 Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight –Adult male: 5-6 L –Adult female: 4-5 L

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 11: Blood Functions of Blood 1. Transport of dissolved substances 2. Regulation of pH & [ions] 3. Blood clotting (hemostasis) 4. Immune defense 5. Temp. regulation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 11: Blood Whole Blood A.Formed elements 1.RBCs (erythrocytes): transport O 2 & CO 2 2.WBCs (leukocytes): immune defense 3.Platelets: cytoplasm packets involved in clotting

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 11: Blood B.Plasma 1.Water (92%) 2.Proteins (7%) – liver makes > 90% a.Albumins (60%): ↑ osmotic pressure b.Globulins (35%) 1)Immunoglobulins (antibodies) 2)Transport globulins: transport hormones, ions, lipids (lipoproteins) c.Fibrinogen (4%): forms fibrin to clot blood 3. other solutes (1%)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Type Determined by RBC surface antigens Universal acceptor: AB Universal donor: O The Rh Factor –Either positive (Rh + ) or negative (Rh  ):

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leukocytes (WBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) defend the body against pathogens & abnormal/damaged cells High WBC count (leukocytosis) often indicates leukemia – cancer of blood-forming tissues Most WBCs are in CT proper & lymphoid organs –Small numbers in blood

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Leukocytes 1.Neutrophil 2.Eosinophil 3.Basophil 4.Monocyte 5.Lymphocyte

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-5: Leukocytes (WBCs) 1. Neutrophils (50-70%) –phagocytes –release chemicals that attract other neutrophils (positive chemotaxis) –dead neutrophils, debris, & waste form pus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-5: Leukocytes (WBCs) 2. Eosinophils (2-4%) –Phagocytic –release toxic cmpds –sensitive to allergens & parasites 3. Basophils (< 1%) –at injury sites release: Histamine – ↑’s inflammation, positive chemotaxis Heparin - prevents blood clotting –not phagocytic

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-5: Leukocytes (WBCs) 4. Monocytes (2-8%) –Enter peripheral tissues & become macrophages –Positive chemotaxis of phagocytes & fibroblasts

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11-5: Leukocytes (WBCs) 5. Lymphocytes (20-30%) –Secrete ABs –Migrate in & out of blood –Not phagocytic –Include T cells, B cells, & Natural Killer Cells

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Heart Anatomy Blood Vessels: –Arteries: carry blood away from heart –Capillaries: narrow vessels between arteries & veins exchange materials btwn blood & tissues –Veins: carry blood to heart

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 12: The Heart Pulmonary Circuit - carries blood to/from lungs Systemic Circuit - carries blood to/from body Right Atrium - collects blood from systemic circuit Right Ventricle - pumps blood to pulmonary circuit Left Atrium - collects blood from pulmonary circuit Left Ventricle - pumps blood to systemic circuit

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20–2c 12-1: Anatomy enclosed by mediastinum Pericardial cavity lined w/ pericardium (visceral & parietal layers) pericardial fluid reduces friction

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Superior vena cava Left atrium Interventricular Sulcus (separates left & right ventricles) Coronary Sulcus (separates atria & ventricles) Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle ANTERIOR surface

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3b Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava LEFT ATRIUM Interventricular sulcus RIGHT ATRIUM Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Coronary sinus Inferior vena cava Right pulmonary veins POSTERIOR surface

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-1: Anatomy Heart Wall 1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium: cardiac muscle, blood vessels, & nerves 3. Endocardium

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-1: Anatomy Cardiac Muscle –many mitochondria & myoglobin (aerobic metabolism)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-1: Anatomy Figure 20–8 Internal Anatomy –Vena cava – receives blood from systemic circuit –Valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow into atria Semilunar valves: prevent backflow into ventricles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5 Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Left AV or Mitral Valve (bicuspid) Right AV valve  tricuspid  Superior vena cava Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Inferior vena cava Interventricular septum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-1: Anatomy Coronary arteries supply blood to cardiac muscle –Myocardial infarction (heart attack) – blocked coronary circulation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-7b –Heart veins drain into the coronary sinus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Contraction Contractile cells contract in 3 phases: 1.Depolarization – Na + enters 2.Plateau – Ca ++ enters cell AND K + leaves 3.Repolarization – K + leaves –Tetanus not possible

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-2: Contraction Systole: contraction (chamber ejects blood) –Pressure ↑’s Diastole: relaxation (fills w/ blood) –Pressure ↓’s Sounds of the heart –1 st, louder sound is AV valves closing during ventricular systole –2 nd, quieter sound is semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12-2: Contraction Electrocardiogram (EKG) –Cardiac arrhythmia: irregular EKG patterns –P: atria depolarize –QRS: ventricles depolarize –T: ventricles repolarize arm/hyper_heart1.html

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Pressure Arterial (normal bp is 120/80) Systolic: peak bp during ventricular systole (120) Diastolic: minimum bp at ventricular diastole (80)