Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National Technical University of Athens Educational Toolkit Knowing the built heritage Module 2 Basic Course Exercises Exercise 2.8.A Demonstration of density – porosity measurements

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The porous structure of materials and the study of their compatibility in relation to water and soluble salts transport phenomena Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 3

DEMONSTRATION OF DENSITY – POROSITY MEASUREMENTS Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 4

[ Items needed: Pebbles of various sizes, water, beaker, ruler, balance] Step 1. Separate pebbles into three or four similar sizes Step 2. Weigh the empty beaker (W o ) Measure the beaker’s diameter (d) d Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 5

Step 3. Fill the beaker with large pebbles. Do not shake. Weigh the beaker with the pebbles. This is weight W 1 Step 4. Slowly pour water into the beaker until it just covers the last top pebbles. Weigh the beaker with the pebbles and water. This is weight W 2 H Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 6

Step 5. Calculate the apparent density of the large pebbles Step 6. Calculate the true density of the large pebbles Step 7. Repeat steps 3-6 for all other pebble groups. Discuss the density values obtained Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 7

Step 8. Calculate the porosity of the “pebble cylinder” which emulates the microstructure of a porous stone Step 9. Repeat step 8 for all other pebble groups. Discuss the porosity values obtained Step 10. MIX ALL PEBBLES TOGETHER Step 11. Repeat steps 3-6 using the mixed collection of pebbles. SHAKE when pouring them into beaker. Discuss the different values of apparent density and true density obtained Step 12. Repeat step 8 using the mixed collection of pebbles. Discuss the different porosity value obtained Prof. Antonia Moropoulou 8