עמיר גבעתי, השירות ההידרולוגי- רשות המים עמיר גבעתי, השירות ההידרולוגי- רשות המים השפעת שינויי האקלים על מקורות המים הטבעיים בישראל.

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עמיר גבעתי, השירות ההידרולוגי- רשות המים עמיר גבעתי, השירות ההידרולוגי- רשות המים השפעת שינויי האקלים על מקורות המים הטבעיים בישראל

מתודולוגיה: ניתוח כמותי של מגמות משקעים נצפות באגנים השונים. המגמות הצפויות באזורים השונים בארץ בעשורים הקרובים בהתאם לתחזיות המודלים האקלימיים. שימוש בתוצרי המודלים האקלימיים ברזולוציה גבוהה כקלט למודלים הידרולוגים לצורך הערכת נפחי מילוי חוזר במקורות המים השונים. חישוב מאזני מים לצורך תכנון משק המים לעשורים הקרובים היצע (מקורות מים טבעיים, התפלה, השבת קולחין) מול ביקוש (מגזר ביתי, חקלאות, תעשייה, שכנים).

Mountain Aquifer Costal Aquifer Western Galilee Kinnert Eastern Aquifer Negev Arava Carmel מקורות המים הראשיים של מדינת ישראל

The mountain Aquifer

The Coastal Aquifer

אחוז גשם ארצי משוקלל ביחס לממוצע ב-20 השנים האחרונות למעט השנים 2001 ו-2002 כל יתר השנים ב-15 השנים האחרונות היו נמוכות מהממוצע מבחינת כמויות המשקעים

7 אינדקס בצורת בשקלול כלל ארצי עד סוף שנת 2010/11 על פי אינדקס הבצורת שפותח ברשות המים בשיתוף עם חב' "מקורות" העשור האחרון מאופיין בתקופות בצורת ארוכות. תקופת הבצורת האחרונה נמשכת כבר 6 שנים ברציפות והיא הארוכה ביותר מאז רצף שנות הבצורת בשנים

8 אינדקס ה- SPI משנת 1965 ועד 2011 P = 0.01

עדכון אינדקס בצורת לשנת 2010/11 השירות ההידרולוגי Kinnert Basin Western Galilee aquifer

Eastern mountain aquifer Western mountain aquifer

difference in precipitation between the period of minus the period

Water Authority Decreasing Trend in Available Water in Lake Kinneret The annual available water volumes in Lake Kinneret have exhibited a decreasing trend over the past decades. Since 1975, the AW volumes have decreased from 492 Mm 3 to 349 Mm 3 in The decreasing trend is paralleled by a decreasing trend in the orographic enhancement factor which results in an even greater reduction of precipitation in the Golan Heights. Another cause of decreased available water is the increasing consumption in the entire Lake Kinneret watershed from 117 Mm3 in 1975 to 143 Mm3 in 2007, explaining at least 22% of the total decrease in the AW at this period. Precipitation: Golan Heights Spring flow: Dan spring Spring flow: Banyans spring Givati and Rosenfeld, 2007: Possible impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on water resources of the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee, Water Resour. Res., 43,

Givati and Rosenfeld, 2007: Possible impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on water resources of the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee, Water Resour. Res., 43. Trend for available water in Lake Kinneret

שינויי אוגר שנתיים במערכת התלת אגנית בשנים 2004/ /11 גריעה מצטברת של כ – 0.8 מיליארד מ"ק במהלך 7 השנים האחרונות ק " מלמ כ שינוי אוגר"סה במערכת התלת אגנית כינרתחוףן"ירת 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/ /11

Modeling of Future Climate Trends in Israel Precipitation projections for the period are based on the average of 3 regional climate models:

Climate Model set up Courtesy Dr. David Vine, UEA

Climate Groups Tel Aviv University, Israel –S. Krichak –P. Alpert –R. Samuels KIT/IMK-IFU, Germany –G. Smiatek –H. Kunstmann –A. Heckl

Spatial scale Rain gauge 10’s km 100’s km ITCP RegCM 50 km (TAU) ITCP RegCM 25 km (TAU) MM5 (B) 18 km (KIT) JAP NWP 20 km (Univ. Tokyo) MM5 (A) 18 km (KIT) Jordan River Flow Lake Kinneret Salinity Drought Index Extreme Indicators Climate model at different resolutions IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 19 modeling groups, total 42 simulations Various GHG emissions scenarios

climate model name ECHAM-RegCMHADLEY-MM5ECHAM-MM5 Grid (km) The model ICTP RegCM driven by MPI ECHAM5 initial and lateral boundary conditions MM5 regional model driven by UKMO HadCM3 initial and lateral boundary conditions MM5 regional model driven by MPI ECHAM5 initial and lateral boundary conditions Time PeriodTransient simulations: OutputDaily values for precipitation (P), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), global radiation (R s ) and wind speed (U) VerificationPrecipitation: bias correction applied and compare with historical values of rain gauges in UCJR (Figure 4). Evaporation: compare relevant atmospheric parameters with historic values (Figure 5) CalibrationFor precipitation values, bias correction (Deque, 2006, Figure 3). For evaporation parameters, no calibration was performed Main ReferencesKrichak et al (2010, 2011), Pal et al (2007), Roeckner et al (2006) Chen et al (2001), Smiatek et al (2011), Roeckner et al (2006) Chen et al (2001), Smiatek et al (2011), Pal et al (2007 Summary of characteristics of the climate models

Schematic description of the proposed cascade of models Rimmer et al. J. of Hydrology, 2011, in review

Precipitation (mm/day) at difference spatial Scale ~150 km50 km 25 km Future - present Future Present

Precipitation (mm/day) at difference spatial Scale ~150 km50 km 25 km Future - present Future Present

Moving from global to regional climate models Chenoweth et al. 2011

Mediterranean Changes in P: vs Actual change in annual means (mm) Kushnir et al 2009

Kelly et al. 2011

Water Authority Krichak et al Samuels et al Trends of mean seasonal precipitation in (%)

Rimmer, Givati and Samuels, 2011: Using high resolution Climate Model to Evaluate Future Water and Solutes Budgets in the Sea of Galilee J. Hydrology, In review. Trend analysis of predicted annual precipitation, lake evaporation, water inflows and solute inflows, using the four climate models output for the years

Rimmer, Givati and Samuels, 2011: Using high resolution Climate Model to Evaluate Future Water and Solutes Budgets in the Sea of Galilee J. Hydrology, In review. Modeling Future Available Water in Lake Kinneret

6 km resolution HADLEY-MM5

ירידה דינמית בסקאלה: ממודלים גלובליים למודלים מקומיים

Period Simulated Annual flow volume [MCM] Observed annual flow volume [MCM] Givati A., Lynn B., Liu Y., Rimmer A., 2012, Using the WRF model for calculating stream flow in the Jordan River, J. Applied Meteorology and Climate, Vol. 51, No. 2., חישוב נפחי זרימה בנהר הירדן בעזרת מודלים אקלימיים ברזולוציה גבוהה

Modeling Future Available Water in the mountain Aquifer

PeriodRecharge (MCM)Rainfall (mm/year) / /203574%86%

STATE OF ISRAEL 34 Challenges and Solutions for the Water Sector in Israel and the Region

STATE OF ISRAEL C HALLENGES

STATE OF ISRAEL 36 Average total natural enrichment – billion m 3 /annum Water demand – more than 2 billion m 3 /annum Current potable water demand < 1.2 billion m 3 /annum Forecast for water demand 2020 ~ 1.7 billion m 3 /annum WATER RESOURCES WATERDEMAND

37 Water balance – (MCM)

STATE OF ISRAEL 38 Agriculture 1,170 MCM 1,170 MCM 60% Industry 88 MCM 4.5% Domestic 693 MCM 35.5% Potable 557 MCM 557 MCM Recycling 613 MCM 613 MCM Water Consumption in Israel According to sectors Estimated data for 2011 Supply to PA – 52 MCM; Supply to Jordan – 48 MCM Total: 1,966 MCM ( including 15 MCM for Nature )

STATE OF ISRAEL s OLUTIONS

STATE OF ISRAEL (100) Hadera Palmachim Ashdod Ashkelon Mekorot Develop. Production ~2013 Full production Since 12/05 Production 12/09 Sorek (150) Full production Since 9/07 Under Construction ~ ( ) Sea Water Desalination Completed facilities Ashkelon -BOT 105 MCM/Y (VID) + 15 exp. Palmachim -BOO 30 MCM/Y (Via Maris) + 15 exp. Hadera- BOT 100 MCM/Y (H 2 ID) + 27 exp. In accordance with the Government decisions since 2001 large scale seawater desalination facilities are being built: Overall until 2013 = 600 MCM/Y Until 2020 = 750 MCM/Y Under Construction Sorek – 150 MCM/Y (SDL) Ashdod – 100 MCM/Y (TK Mekorot) Palmachim – 45 MCM/Y Enlargement Another 50 MCM facility in planning

Desalination in Israel:

STATE OF ISRAEL 42 Reuse of All Sewage Effluents  Reuse of 500 MCM/Y in 2014 (370 today).  Sewage effluents for Agriculture – 50% of allocations in  Tertiary treatment – unrestricted irrigation. New stringent standards for effluents quality (37 parameters).  Nutrients and Salt Removal.  Methods of agricultural cultivation in Israel are constantly modernized and innovated.  Israel became an international leader in developing water saving technology in agriculture.

: ומסקנות סיכום Water Authority בעשורים האחרונים ישנה מגמה מובהקת של הפחתה בכמויות המשקעים באגן ההיקוות של הכנרת וכן ירידה בנפחי הזרימה/שפיעה במקורות המים הטבעיים. ניתן לאבחן גם עלייה בתדירות ועומק הבצורות. המודלים האקלימיים צופיים את המשך המגמה המסתמנת: הפחתה בצפון הארץ לצד יציבות ואף עלייה קלה בגשמי המרכז/חוף (מבחינה הידרולוגית מדובר בהפסד נטו של פחי מים במקורות המים הטבעיים). יש להמשיך ולהפעיל הידרומטאורולוגים משולבים (כולל היזון חוזר בין פני השטח לאטמוספירה) ברזולוציה מרחבית גבוהה (ק"מ בודדים). יש להבין את השפעת התנודות של הסירקולציה הגלובאלית על אזורנו (כיצד ישתנו משקעים אורוגרפים לעומת קוונוקטיבים וכד'). רשות המים נערכת להפחתה של כ-10-15% בהיצע המים הטבעיים בעשורים הקרובים עקב שינוי אקלימי. פחיתה זו כבר באה לידי ביטוי בתוכנית האב למשק המים אשר תובא בקרוב לאישור הממשלה. שינויי האקלים והשפעתם נלקחים בחשבון בתכנון משק המים (מאזנים, הסכמי מים עם השכנים, פיתוח מקורות מים נוספים, מערכות ניקוז ועוד).