Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Culture and Society in the Age of the Scientific Revolution Chapter 16

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to Newton A. Origins of the Scientific Revolution 1. The Importance of Antiquity  Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen  “Natural philosophers” 2. The Influence of “Magical” Beliefs  Paracelsus  Neoplatonism  Cabala

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton A. Origins of the Scientific Revolution 3. Observations, Experiments, and Instruments  Telescope  Vacuum pump  Thermometer  Barometer  Microscope

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton B. The Breakthroughs 1. Vesalius 2. Copernicus  Heliocentric theory  Gregorian calendar 3. Theories in Conflict  Tycho Brahe

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton C. Kepler and Galileo Address the Uncertainties 1. Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion  Confirms heliocentric theory 2. Galileo and a New Physics  Observation  Telescope  Inertia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton C. Kepler and Galileo Address the Uncertainties 3. A New Astronomy 4. Conflict with the Church 5. The Book and the Trial  Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems 6. Galileo’s Legacy 7. Assurance Spreads

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. I. Scientific Advances from Copernicus to Newton D. The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: Isaac Newton  Calculus  United physics and astronomy 1. The Principia  Three laws of motion  Gravity 2. The Influence of Newton  Mechanical view of the universe

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. II. The Effects of the Discoveries A. A New Epistemology 1. Scientific Method  Hypothesis  Observation  Generalization  Test generalization by experiments/observation

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. II. The Effects of the Discoveries B. The Wider Influence of Scientific Thought C. Bacon and Descartes 1. Bacon’s Vision of Science  New Atlantis 2. Descartes and the Principle of Doubt 3. The Discourse on Method 4. The Influence of Descartes  Mechanism  Analytic geometry

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. II. The Effects of the Discoveries D. Pascal’s Protest Against the New Science 1. The Pensées E. Science Institutionalized  Martin Mersenne 1. The Royal Society 2. Other Scientific Societies  French Royal Academy of Sciences 3. The Wider Appeal of Science

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature A. Unsettling Art 1. Mannerism  Artificial and esoteric images 2. El Greco

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature B. Unsettling Writers 1. Michel de Montaigne  Essays  Skepticism 2. Neostoicism  Justus Lipsius 3. Cervantes  Don Quixote

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature B. Unsettling Writers 4. Shakespeare  Richard II  King Lear  Hamlet  Othello  Macbeth

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature C. The Return of Assurance in the Arts 1. The Baroque 2. Caravaggio 3. Rubens 4. Velázquez 5. Bernini

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature C. The Return of Assurance in the Arts 6. New Dimensions in Music  Keyboard  Stringed instruments  Opera  Claudio Monteverdi  Orfeo

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Map 16.2 Centers of Music,

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature D. Stability and Restraint in the Arts 1. Classicism 2. Poussin 3. The Dutch Style 4. Rembrandt  Portraiture

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. III. The Arts and Literature D. Stability and Restraint in the Arts 5. Classicism in Drama  Unity of place  Unity of time  Unity of action 6. Corneille  Le Cid  Jean Racine

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture A. Population Trends B. Social Status  Wealth  Education  Family background  “New aristocracy” 1. Contradictions in the Status of Women

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture C. Mobility and Crime 1. The Peasants’ Plight  “Seigneurial reaction” 2. Crime and Punishment  Constables

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture D. Changes in the Villages and Cities 1. Loss of Village Cohesiveness 2. Forces of Change  Economics  Demography  Royal officials 3. City Life

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Map 16.3 The Growth Of Cities,

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture D. Changes in the Villages and Cities 4. Popular Culture in the City  Increased literacy  Newspapers  Coffeehouses

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Map 16.1 Speed of News Traveling to Venice in 1500 and 1700

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture E. Belief in Magic and Rituals 1. Charivari 2. Other Magical Remedies 3. Witches and Witch-Hunts

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IV. Social Patterns and Popular Culture F. Forces of Restraint 1. Religious Discipline  Shabtai Zvi