Psychoanalytic Revisionists and Dissenters

Karen Horney She used an approach that emphasizes the importance of sociocultural factors in development. She disagreed with penis envy but instead felt that both sexes envy the atributes of the other. The need for security is the prime motive in human existence.

Three Strategies to Cope with Anxiety Move toward people, seeking love and support. Move away from people becoming independent. Moving against people, becoming competitive and domineering. (A secure person uses all three but an insecure person used over use one or more of these.)

Carl Jung Collective unconscious is the deepest part of the unconscious mind which all human share because our their common ancestral. Archetypes are influences that all share due to our collective unconscious that serve as filters for our perceptions and experiences. He believed that all of us have a passive feminine. side and an assertive masculine side.

Other Archetypes Mandalas - A figure within a circle, has been used to represent self. (Influence Poster) The shadow - our darker self which is evil and immoral. (Darth Vader)

Adler’s Individual Psychology Emphasized the uniqueness of every individual. He believed that we have the conscious ability to monitor and direct our lives. Other factors than sexual motivation shape our personalities

Striving for Superiority The motivation to adapt to, improve and master the environment. This is our response to feelings of inferiority from early childhood when we encounter people who are bigger and more powerful which we strive to overcome.

Compensation - A person’s attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing abilities. Over compensation – a person’s attempt to deny rather than acknowledge a real situation in an exaggerated manner to cover up a weakness. Inferiority complex is an exaggerated feelings of inadequacy and superiority complex is exaggerated feelings of self-importance that covers up feelings of inadequacy.

Learning Perspectives Pavlov’s classical conditioning B.F. Skinner Operant conditioning and Cognitive Social Learning.

Classical Conditioning Something otherwise meaningless becomes linked to a meaningful experience and therefore causes same response as the original experience on it’s own.

Reflexes – hardwired into brain Unconditioned stimulus – a situation that produces a response without prior learning For example – you are cold Unconditioned Response – is unlearned and it is automatically associated with the unconditioned stimulus. For example – you get goose bumps.

Conditioned Stimulus – a previously neutral situation that causes the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned situation (CS). For example – class bell Conditioned Response - learned behavior to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after a relationship has been created between CS and US (CR). For example – you know class is over when the bell rings.

Operant Conditioning – B.F. Skinner – consequence changes behavior Reinforcement – a consequence that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Punishment – a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Cognitive Social Learning Perspective Cognitive social learning theory – stresses the importance of cognition, behavior, and environment in determining personality. Reciprocal Determinism – one’s behavior and the environment influence each other. Observational Learning – modeling someone else’s behavior

Mentoring – when a more experienced person agree to have a relationship with a less experienced person as a role model. Self-efficacy – the belief that once can master a situation and produce a positive outcome. Humanistic Perspectives – phenomenological worldview – reality is what each person perceives.

Personality Type of Theories Sheldon – distinct body types are associated with personality characteristics –Endomorph – round people who are relaxed and fun loving –Mesomorph – muscular and athletic people who are energetic, assertive and courageous –Ectomorph – tall, thin and fragile people who are fearful, introverted and restrained.