Student Objectives Standards Terms to Know Setting Characters Student Objectives Standards Terms to Know Setting Characters

1. Identify and explain the elements of drama in general, Greek and/or Shakespeare in particular. 2. Explain the structure of the plot and describe the dramatic techniques the playwright uses to advance the them. 3. Trace the development of major and minor characters and explain how characterization advances the plot or theme. 4. Understand Shakespeare’s definitions of comedy and tragedy and explain how the works studied exemplify the term “tragedy”. 5. Analyze the playwright’s use of irony, figurative language and tragic patterns. 6. Identify the poetic devices used in the play and explain their effect. 1. Identify and explain the elements of drama in general, Greek and/or Shakespeare in particular. 2. Explain the structure of the plot and describe the dramatic techniques the playwright uses to advance the them. 3. Trace the development of major and minor characters and explain how characterization advances the plot or theme. 4. Understand Shakespeare’s definitions of comedy and tragedy and explain how the works studied exemplify the term “tragedy”. 5. Analyze the playwright’s use of irony, figurative language and tragic patterns. 6. Identify the poetic devices used in the play and explain their effect.

Reading :Analyze how complex characters (those with conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. Reading 9 – 10.5: Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it, and manipulate time to create tension or surprise. Reading : Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (how song writers treat the main theme in Romeo and Juliet) Reading : Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Writing : Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization and analysis of content. SL a-c: Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 9 topics, tests and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. Reading :Analyze how complex characters (those with conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. Reading 9 – 10.5: Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it, and manipulate time to create tension or surprise. Reading : Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (how song writers treat the main theme in Romeo and Juliet) Reading : Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Writing : Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization and analysis of content. SL a-c: Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 9 topics, tests and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.

1. Aside – words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage. 2. Blank Verse – poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 3. Chorus – played by a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play, welcomes the audience and gives them a taste of the story 4. Classical Allusions – reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology. 5. Comedy – a story that ends happily. 6. Dialogue – the conversation between characters in a story or play. 7. Foil – character who is used as a contrast to another character. 8. Heroic Couplet – two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter 9. Hubris- excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance 10. Iambic Pentameter – line of poetry that contains 5 iambs (metrical foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable) 1. Aside – words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage. 2. Blank Verse – poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 3. Chorus – played by a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play, welcomes the audience and gives them a taste of the story 4. Classical Allusions – reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology. 5. Comedy – a story that ends happily. 6. Dialogue – the conversation between characters in a story or play. 7. Foil – character who is used as a contrast to another character. 8. Heroic Couplet – two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter 9. Hubris- excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance 10. Iambic Pentameter – line of poetry that contains 5 iambs (metrical foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable)

11. Irony – Dramatic – when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know. 12. Irony – Situational – when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens. 13. Irony – Verbal – a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different. 14. Monologue – a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 15. Prologue – introduction of the play to the audience 16. Protagonist – main character in fiction or drama. 17. Soliloquy – long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud. 18. Sonnets (Shakespearean)– 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter and that has a rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, gg 19. Tragedy – play that depicts serious and important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 20. Tragic Hero – central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall 11. Irony – Dramatic – when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know. 12. Irony – Situational – when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens. 13. Irony – Verbal – a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different. 14. Monologue – a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 15. Prologue – introduction of the play to the audience 16. Protagonist – main character in fiction or drama. 17. Soliloquy – long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud. 18. Sonnets (Shakespearean)– 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter and that has a rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, gg 19. Tragedy – play that depicts serious and important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 20. Tragic Hero – central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall

Queen/King [royalty] Church > 5% of the population but 95% money Nobles [land owners] Artisans [middle class] Apprentices/Indentured servants > 95% of the population but Common Laborers5% money

All of Shakespeare’s plays have 5 acts Act I-Exposition *tone, setting, characters, Prologue, servants fight, Verona/ 1300’s Main characters: R, J, M, B, P, T Montagues vs. capulets, Romeo depressed – Rosaline Paris wants to marry J Capulet party Prince’s warning R & J meet at Cap party) Act II-Rising Action *series of complications for main character(s), builds suspense Act III- Climax *Biggest moment for main character(s), turning point in play (Tybalt kills Mercutio, R kills Tybalt, R banished, R & J spend wedding night together, Cap arranges wedding to Paris on Thurs, J & Cap fight) Act IV-Falling Action *Action winds down but maintains suspense (Friar gives plan to J, Cap moves wedding up a day, (Balcony scene, Tybalt writes R letter-fight, R & J marry) J takes potion, J’s funeral) Act V- Resolution

1. Aside 2. Blank Verse 3. Chorus 4. Classical Allusions 5. Comedy a. words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage. b. a story that ends happily. c. a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play, welcomes the audience and gives them a taste of the story d. poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. e. reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology 1. Aside 2. Blank Verse 3. Chorus 4. Classical Allusions 5. Comedy a. words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage. b. a story that ends happily. c. a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play, welcomes the audience and gives them a taste of the story d. poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. e. reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology

1. Dialoguea. character who is used as a contrast to another character. 2. Foilb. line of poetry that contains 5 iambs 3. Heroic Coupletc. excessive pride or self- confidence; arrogance 4. Hubrisd. the conversation between characters in a story or play. 5. Iambic Pentametere. two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter 1. Dialoguea. character who is used as a contrast to another character. 2. Foilb. line of poetry that contains 5 iambs 3. Heroic Coupletc. excessive pride or self- confidence; arrogance 4. Hubrisd. the conversation between characters in a story or play. 5. Iambic Pentametere. two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter

Element 2- The Tragic Flaw or Virtue Hubris – ‘pride’, an excess of will – a character defect that reflects the hero’s belief that rules do not apply to him. Tragic Virtue(flaw): This is the BEST quality/characteristic of the hero that runs to excess. Under other more favorable conditions this quality would be considered desirable, but due to external circumstances cause their eventual undoing. Hamartia - an ‘error in judgment’ or a mistake– the “missing the mark”. A deficiency in knowledge – an intellectual defect which leads to his or her downfall. Example- Macbeth is a man of action, bloody action. On the battle field this is his best quality – his tragic virtue. However, when he is in the political arena, this bloody action is misapplied – will bring his downfall. It turns into obsession with power. He is willfully self-assertive and his hubris blinds him. He fails to anticipate the full consequences of his actions, fatal miscalculations about reality – he has missed the mark. However, most great tragedies defy such simple explanations.

Element 3- The Tragic “Story” 1. Plot The tragic story leads up to, and includes, the death of the hero. The suffering and calamities that befalls the hero are unusual and exceptionally disastrous 2. Explanation of the Calamity- The suffering befalls to a conspicuous person. The suffering is itself of a striking kind. The suffering, as a rule, is unexpected. The suffering, as a rule, contrasts with previous happiness and/or glory 3. Tragedy, Human Flaws, and Responsibility The calamities of a tragedy do not simply happen, nor are they sent. The calamities of tragedy proceed mainly from actions, and those, the action of men. Shakespeare’s tragic heroes are responsible for the calamity of their falls. The center of the tragedy, therefore, lies in the action issuing from the character, of flawed perceptions, and human frailty for which the hero is ultimately responsible. The hero recognizes his own responsibility for the calamity too late to prevent his own death.

Element 4- The Abnormal, The Supernatural, Fate/Fortune/Chance 1. Shakespeare often presents abnormal conditions of mind: insanity, hallucinations etc. The abnormal conditions of the mind are never introduced as the origin of any deeds of any dramatic moment. 2. Shakespeare also introduces the supernatural: ghosts and witches who have supernatural knowledge. The supernatural elements cannot be explained away as an illusion in the mind of one of the characters. It does contribute to the action, but it is always placed in the closest relation with the character. It gives a confirmation and a distinct form to inward movements already present and exerting an influence: to the half-formed thought or the memory of guilt or suspicion. 3. Shakespeare, in most tragedies, allows “chance” in some form to influence the action. Finally, chance is a prominent feature in life. That men may start a course of events but can neither calculate nor control it, is a tragic fact. However, any large use of chance would weaken the sense of the casual connection of character, deed, and calamity.

Element 5-Tragic Conflicts The action of the protagonist/tragic hero is most often motivated by external and internal conflicts, which lead to complications from which further conflicts arise- all in a kind of snowballing effect, driving the action toward a tragic resolution. 1. External Conflict Usually, there are two persons, of whom the hero is one, Example- Two Parties or Groups, one of which the hero leads Example- The passions, tendencies, ideas, principles, forces, which animate these persons or groups 2. Internal Conflict Shakespeare’s tragic hero, though he pursues his fated way, is, at some point, torn by an inward struggle. A comparison of the earlier and later tragedies show this struggle is most emphasized in the later tragedies. The conception of outer and inner struggle includes the action of “spiritual forces.” The “spiritual forces” generating the internal turmoil for the hero is the combination of the pressures of the external and internal struggles or conflicts.

Element 6- Tragic Structure in the Plays Defined: tragedy is a work in which a strong but imperfect hero is engaged in a losing struggle with the overpowering forces of life. All genuine tragedies arouse pity and fear in an audience: PITY, because the audience feels sorry for the tragic characters and hates to see them suffer; and FEAR, because the viewers realize that, if circumstances were different, they, too, could be caught up in a web of tragic events. As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which ends in calamity, any such tragedy can be divided into five/six parts. Exposition- This is usually all or most of Act One. The exposition introduces the characters, their positions and circumstances. Shakespeare usually begins a play with a short scene, often full of activity. Then, having captured our attention, he proceeds to conversations that provide a lot of information, accompanied by little action. The characters often talk about the central character before he or she appears. Complications/Rising Actions- Introduces the conflict and builds tension (usually Act II). This portion of the play focuses on the hero and his decisions or lack thereof. There is hope at this point. Crisis- The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax. The Crisis is that moment when all seems lost. Nothing the hero has been doing has worked, and he's further from his goal than ever. This is the point where the hero has to regroup and rethink. Only if he digs deep and taps his inner resources will he find a strategy that works.

Climax: the high point in the hero’s fortune. Here he meets with his first serious defeat, after which his fortune is on the downgrade (usually Act III). The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the highest interest and greatest emotion. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted. Another way to look at it is the Climax is the final showdown between the protagonist and the antagonist. This is the scene the audience has been waiting for, the moment that answers the story's biggest question. Falling Action- In act four, opposing forces begin to openly resist and make plans for the removal of the tragic hero, and the tragic hero's power is declining as the opposition’s power advances. In Act Four, Shakespeare often introduces a new kind of emotion, a quiet, pathetic emotion that is usually painful. Reversal: the moment of reversal is also called the peripeteia. The protagonist’s fortunes change irrevocably for the worse in this moment. Frequently, the very trait we admire in a tragic hero is the same trait that brings about the hero’s downfall – their tragic virtue. Anagnorisis: after the reversal/peripeteia, the tragic hero recognizes or verbalizes this tragic error.

Resolution- In the final act, the opposition reaches its full strength and defeats/destroys the isolated, weakened hero. This is where Tragic Recognition takes place, the reader becomes aware of the greatness of the man just loss, and order is restored. Castastrophe: This is generally all or most of Act V. It involves a total reversal of the protagonist’s fortunes. In Shakespeare’s tragedies, the reversal always results in the death of the hero character, and just about every else we know the name of. Catharsis: emotional purging of the audience – order has been returned.

1. Irony – Dramatica. a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 1. Irony – Situationalb. when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know 1. Irony – Verbalc. introduction of the play to the audience 2. Monologued. when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens 3. Prologuee. a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different 1. Irony – Dramatica. a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 1. Irony – Situationalb. when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know 1. Irony – Verbalc. introduction of the play to the audience 2. Monologued. when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens 3. Prologuee. a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different

1. Protagonista. 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter 2. Soliloquyb. long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud 3. Sonnetsc. play that depicts serious and important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 4. Tragedyd. central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall 5. Tragic Hero e. main character in fiction or drama 1. Protagonista. 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter 2. Soliloquyb. long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud 3. Sonnetsc. play that depicts serious and important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 4. Tragedyd. central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall 5. Tragic Hero e. main character in fiction or drama

15 TH Century Verona, Italy Play takes place over a 5 day period Two families feuding: Montagues and Capulets Montague family symbolizes nobility and old money Capulet family symbolizes new money (rich merchants) infringing on nobility Some also interpret the families representing the Catholic and Anglican churches and their feud in England

Dynamic Characters mature and change over the course of a play or a novel Romeo and Juliet are the two dynamic characters Static Characters do not change over the course of a play Lord Montague, Lord Capulet and Lady Capulet change regarding the feud at the end of the play, but it is too late.

Romeo Only son of Lord and Lady Montague Very Romantic as his name suggests Passionate and sensitive In love with the idea of love, until he meets Juliet and discovers true love In love with a different girl when the play opens (named Rosaline) Likeable and popular in Verona True gentleman Becomes self-confident A man of action

Lord Montague Romeo’s Father Enjoys the feud with the Capulets (Fault) Loves his son deeply, wants to know what is troubling him Lady Montague ~Romeo’s mother ~Hates the feud ~Loves son deeply Benvolio Romeo’s cousin Romeo’s best friend and a good friend Reliable and sensible Has a reputation throughout Verona as an honest, kind and trustworthy person

Juliet Only daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet Young and beautiful She loyal Nurse is her only friend Practical: balcony scene is an example At first obedient, then takes charge of her own life Idealistic: She thinks love can overcome all her problems Transforms from a girl to a woman throughout the course of the play.

Lord Capulet Wealthy and likes to be well-thought of Wants everything his way Strained relationship with his wife Lady Capulet Bitter and guarded A young mother Does not know how to relate or talk to Juliet

Nurse Juliet’s nurse and best friend Says what she thinks even if it isn’t appropriate Loves to plot and plan Does not understand the depth of love between Romeo and Juliet Abandons Juliet when she needs her most Tybalt Hot-headed Full of hate Embodies the feud

Friar Lawrence Catholic Means well, tries to settle feud Loves nature Loves Romeo like son he can’t have Understands lover’s problems and changes him Mercutio Witty and sarcastic Center of attention Clever and intelligent Jokester of the play Fiery and excitable One of the top swordsmen in Verona Related to the Prince Loyal to Romeo despite not understanding his feelings

Prince Escalus Understands the seriousness of the feud Tries to end the feud Symbolizes law and order and/or Royalty Takes his share of the blame at the end Paris Honorable Wealthy Handsome Related to the Prince Unwelcome party in love triangle We see his love for Juliet at the end of the play

1. Asidea. a story that ends happily 2. Blank Verseb. words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage 3. Chorusc. excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance 4. Classical Allusionsd. poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter 5. Comedye. played by a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play 6. Dialoguef. the conversation between characters in a story or pla. 7. Foilg. line of poetry that contains 5 iambs 8. Heroic Coupleth. character who is used as a contrast to another character 9. Hubrisi. reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology 10. Iambic Pentameterj. Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme 1. Asidea. a story that ends happily 2. Blank Verseb. words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience or to another character but that are not supposed to be overheard by the others on stage 3. Chorusc. excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance 4. Classical Allusionsd. poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter 5. Comedye. played by a single actor who briefly summarizes the plot of the play 6. Dialoguef. the conversation between characters in a story or pla. 7. Foilg. line of poetry that contains 5 iambs 8. Heroic Coupleth. character who is used as a contrast to another character 9. Hubrisi. reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from history, the Bible, and mythology 10. Iambic Pentameterj. Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

1. Irony – Dramatica. when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know. 2. Irony – Situationalb. a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 3. Irony – Verbalc. long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud. 4. Monologued. central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall 5. Prologuee. when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens 6. Protagonistf. play that depicts serious & important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 7. Soliloquyg. main character in fiction or drama 8. Sonnetsh. 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter 9. Tragedyi. introduction of the play to the audience 10. Tragic Hero j. a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different. 1. Irony – Dramatica. when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know. 2. Irony – Situationalb. a long speech by one character to one or more other characters 3. Irony – Verbalc. long speech in which a character who is onstage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud. 4. Monologued. central character, noble figure who has a personal failing that leads to his or her downfall 5. Prologuee. when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens 6. Protagonistf. play that depicts serious & important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end 7. Soliloquyg. main character in fiction or drama 8. Sonnetsh. 14 line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter 9. Tragedyi. introduction of the play to the audience 10. Tragic Hero j. a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something completely different.