1) Gene flow A) is movement of alleles from one population to another B) counts as true gene flow only if immigrant individuals breed within their new population C) makes populations more similar genetically D) decreases Fst E) all of the above

2) Genetic drift 1: is when snakes drift from the mainland to an island 2: is random change in allele frequency 3: is potentially important in small populations 4: is important in large populations only if selection is extremely weak or non-existent A) all answers above are correct B) answers 1, 3, and 4 are correct C) answers 2, 3, and 4 are correct D) answers 2 and 3 are correct E) none of the answers above are correct

3) Founder effects A) differ between plants and animals B) reflect chance events when small populations are started C) reflect selection among alternative alleles D) all of the above E) none of the above

4) If a new allele has a frequency of 1% in a population, and the mutation that caused that new allele is a synonymous mutation, then the odds that that allele goes to fixation are: A) 100% B) 5% C) 1% D) 85% E) 0%

5) What is the difference between population size (N) and effective population size (Ne)? A) just a subscript “e”, no real difference B) Ne is always less than or equal to N C) Ne reflects the total number of adults, not the number who breed, and not juveniles D) genetic variation in the next generation depends upon N not Ne E) heterozygosity decreases due to drift as a function of N not Ne

6) inbreeding A) increases the number (allele frequency) of deleterious recessive mutations B) decreases the expression of deleterious mutations C) increases heterozygosity D) increases homozygosity E) answers B and C are correct