CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SB1 3C – CELLULAR BIOLOGY

MAIN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS: CELLULAR RESPIRATION DIGESTION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Transfer of chemical energy (glucose) into ATP ATP is a high energy molecule that gives us usable energy Two types: aerobic (with oxygen) anaerobic (without oxygen) Equation for Aerobic Respiration: SUGAR + OXYGEN  CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: LOCATION The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration Most ATP is made here which is why it is called the powerhouse of the cell Reactions which make ATP occur in the matrix and cristae on the mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE Outer membrane: Protects the mitochondria Lets small molecules in and out Inner membrane: Contains proteins that function to make ATP Cristae: Infolded parts of inner membrane Increase the area available to have reactions which make ATP Matrix: Contains proteins and mitochondrial DNA Helps with making ATP

DIGESTION Digestion takes place in the lysosomes Inside a lysosome is very acidic which helps it break down: Cellular waste products Broken cell organelles Bacteria Lysosomes are very numerous in leukocytes (white blood cells) which fight off diseases and viruses

DIGESTION OF FOOD Lysosomes also break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into simple compounds These compounds are then returned to the cytoplasm to be used by the cell Lysosomes use enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum which are modified in the Golgi apparatus Lysosomes bud off of the Golgi apparatus

DIGESTION IN THE LYSOSOME

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein is made up of a chain of amino acids which are small molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and several other atoms Examples of proteins are hormones, enzymes (used for digestion) and structural proteins Numerous organelles are involved in the synthesis of protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CELL MEMBRANE Releases the protein from the cell CELL PART ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CELL MEMBRANE Releases the protein from the cell NUCLEUS DNA has instructions for making the protein RNA copies DNA RNA takes these instructions out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum RIBOSOMES Reads the code from the RNA The code specifies a specific chain of amino acids ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM RER contains the ribosomes that make the protein SER is where fats and carbohydrates are added to the protein GOLGI APPARATUS Fats and proteins are packaged here ready to be released outside the cell MITOCHONDRIA Produces energy for the cell so it can make protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS