CASH FLOWS By: Miss Siti Norhidayah Hamid

FRS 107 Cash Flow Statements requires a cash flow statement to be presented as integral (memenuhi) part of the financial statements for each period for which the financial statements are presented.

FRS 107 FRS defines cash flow as ‘ an increase or decrease in an amount of cash’ It shows the revenue or expense stream that changes a cash account over a given period It also defined as ‘inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents (Para 6)

FRS 107 ‘Cash’ generally comprises cash on hand and cash in bank (including bank overdraft) ‘Cash equivalents’ are short-term, highly liquid investment, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Cash equivalents Some examples of cash equivalents are short- term fixed deposit and investments in short- term treasury bills.

In business as in personal finance, cash flows are essential to solvency. Cash flow is crucial to an entity's survival. Having ample cash on hand will ensure that creditors, employees and others can be paid on time.

If a business or person does not have enough cash to support its operations, it is said to be insolvent, and a likely candidate for bankruptcy should the insolvency continue. The statement of a business's cash flows is often used by analysts to measure financial performance. Companies with ample cash on hand are able to invest the cash back into the business in order to generate more cash and profit.

Cash Flow vs. Income  It is important to note the distinction between being profitable and having positive cash flow transactions: just because a company is bringing in cash does not mean it is making a profit (and vice versa)

FRS 107 Cash inflows usually arise from one of three activities -Operating activities -Investing activities -Financing activities Cash outflows result from expenses or investments

Operating activities This section measures the cash used or provided by a company's normal operations. It shows the company's ability to generate consistently positive cash flow from operations. Think of "normal operations" as the core business of the company. For example, Microsoft's normal operating activity is selling software.

Operating activities (cont.) Operating activities are defined as the ‘the principle revenue-producing activities of the enterprise, and other activities that are not investing or financing activities’ (Para 6).

Some examples;  cash receipts from sale of goods  Cash receipts from rendering of services  Cash receipts from loyalties, commission  Cash payments to suppliers of goods  Cash payments to employees  Cash payments to suppliers of other services (utilities)

Investing activities This area lists all the cash used or provided by the purchase and sale of income-producing assets. Are the acquisitions and disposals of long term assets and non-cash- equivalents investment.

Some examples: Cash payments for the acquisitions and cash receipts from the sale of fixed assets Cash payments for the acquisition and cash receipts from the sale of long term investment (stocks and bonds of other companies, real estate, stock in a company's subsidiaries, and cash that has been set aside for a specific purpose or project)

Financing activities This section measures the flow of cash between a firm and its owners and creditors. Are activities which result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise.

Some examples: Cash receipts from the issuance and cash payments for the redemption of equity (shares) and debt instrument (debentures) Cash receipts from other short-term or long term borrowings, and cash repayments of amount borrowed.

CASH FLOW METHOD Direct Method Indirect Method

Direct Method Direct- requires the disclosure of ‘major classes of gross cash receipt and gross cash payments) Some examples are: -Cash collected from customers -Interest and dividends receives -Cash paid to other employees and other suppliers -Interest and dividend paid -Other operating cash receipts

Indirect Method Indirect- the net cash flow from operating activities is determined by adjusting the net profit of loss for the effects of: -non-cash items (depreciation) -Items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flow ( profit on sales of fixed assets) -Changes in the operating working capital (changes in stock, debtors and creditors balances)

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES (Cont.) The profit and loss account sets out the revenue and expense rather than the cash receipts and cash payments for the period. When a company makes a sale on credit this will be reflected as an increase in the wealth in the profit and loss account but there is no cash collected. Easy to understand

ADVANTAGES (Cont.) It shows the cash coming from the operation It shows the cash used in the investing activities It shows the cash used in the financing activities

Disadvantages A statement in which is easier to understand is not necessary more relevant or useful Cash flow statements focus on the financing activities of an enterprise rather than the economic or trading activities. Therefore, it did not provide information on either past or future economic performance.

Uses of cash flow statements To enable management, investors, and creditors and others to see how the various activities of the company have been financed (e.g. which activities have net cash outflows and which activities have net cash inflows) According to FRS, cash flow statement in conjunction with profit & loss account and balance sheet provides information on financial position and performance as well as liquidity, solvency and financial adaptability

Uses of cash flow statements (Cont.) The cash flow statements may useful to management, investors, creditors & others in assessing the enterprise ability to: -Pay its debts (e.g. loan repayment, trade creditors) -Pay loan interest, dividends -Decide whether it will need to raise additional external finance (e.g. issue shares or debentures)

Uses of cash flow statements(Cont.) To explain why an enterprise may have a net profit for the year but nevertheless has less cash at the end of the year. To allows users to see directly the reasons for the difference between the net profit and its associated cash receipts and payments (e.g. the net cash inflow from operating activities)

PREPARING A CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Outline: 1.Definition 2.Differences with an Income Statement 3.How to use it 4.Structure 5.How to Handle deficits 6.Guide to production and marketing plans 7.Statement of Cash Flows

Definition: Is a summary of all cash Inflows and Outflows affecting a business during a given period of time such as a month, quarter or a year It can be a statement of past performance or a budget for future plans Past: Cash Flow shows how and when cash was generated and used Future: Cash Flow is essential for evaluating borrowing needs and repayment capacity Preparing a Cash Flow Statement

Definition: A comprehensive Cash Flow forces the manager to think about and make decisions on issues: What enterprises and production practices to use next year? How and when to market commodities? What capital items to purchase or sell? How to finance capital purchases? Will I be able to take a vacation ? Preparing a Cash Flow Statement

Definition: Cash Flows Are a blueprint for actions and testing of ideas and decisions on paper before implementing them Are essential for evaluating borrowing needs and repayment capacity Preparing a Cash Flow Statement

Income Taxes and Non-Farm Income Included in a complete Cash Flow Statement May not be included in the Income Statement Cash Withdrawals as Stock Dividends and Family Living Usually included in a Cash Flow Statement Not included on the Income Statement Differences with an Income Statement:

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Debt Transactions Cash Flow includes a more complete accounting of debt transactions by showing principal payments and proceeds from new loans An Income Statement only shows interest payments Differences with an Income Statement:

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Transactions Cash Flow reflects cash transactions such as the purchase or sale of capital items like breeding livestock, machinery and real estate These transactions are shown on an Income Statement as depreciation, or as a gain or loss from the disposal of farm assets Differences with an Income Statement:

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Differences with an Income Statement: Inventory Changes A Cash Flow includes sales and purchases, no adjustments for inventory changes An Income Statement prepared using accrual accounting includes inventory changes.

Cash inflows and outflows in Agriculture are not distributed evenly, causing cash deficits and surpluses Cash Flows helps us identify those ups and downs in cash so we do not run out of cash. A producer can plan for future cash needs rather than reacting with crisis management When those cash needs are timely identified, a producer may want to cover them with borrowed money. As a result, a Bank will demand a projected Cash Flow to determine if the producer is able to meet the financial obligations on time Preparing a Cash Flow Statement How to Use it:

A projected Cash Flow helps plan a repayment schedule for borrowed funds Monitors cash flow variances by comparing actual cash flows with projected cash flows Variances between the two indicate the need to make adjustments and anticipate the problems before they become a CRISIS Preparing a Cash Flow Statement How to Use it:

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Structure:

Beginning Cash Cash available at the beginning of the period Operating Receipts Cash INFLOWS from business operations. They shall be recorded in the time period you’ve received or expect to receive the cash Net amount (less deductions) Add off-farm income, if appropriate. Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Structure:

Operating Expenses Cash OUTFLOWS from business operations. They shall be recorded in the time period you’ve paid them or expect to pay Include family living, non-farm business expenses and taxes Cash position Difference between cash available and cash required Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Structure:

6 Ways Raise additional cash Raise additional cash Reduce or postpone cash payments Reduce or postpone cash payments Restructure the debt to fit the cash flow Restructure the debt to fit the cash flow Selling of intermediate or long-term assets Selling of intermediate or long-term assets Withdrawals from savings Withdrawals from savings Borrow additional money Borrow additional money Preparing a Cash Flow Statement How to Handle Deficits:

In order to develop a Cash Flow projection, you must figure out the production and marketing plan for the upcoming year and the associated costs A Cash Flow plan can be developed to show income from the sale of crops in different months. Those crops can come out from inventory or from new harvest From each estimate of sale, estimates of the number of units sold and at what price are developed  MARKETING PLAN Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Guide to Production and Marketing Plans:

A Cash Flow projection reflects also a plan for crop or livestock production and the expenses associated with such production A manager must have the production plan in mind to know when the crops needs to be planted, when it will be ready to harvest or even when to A.I. to determine when that income from calf sales is going to be  PRODUCTION PLAN The production, marketing, and financial planning information contained in a Cash Flow can help managers to make better, well-informed management decisions Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Guide to Production and Marketing Plans:

Definition Is a summary of all cash receipts and cash expenditures The primary difference with Cash Flow Statement is that the Statement of Cash Flows rearranges information into operating, investing, and financing activities Its objective: o To help producers and Ag lenders to become more businesslike in their approach to financial analysis o To increase the completeness and accuracy of the data used in both management and credit decisions Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Statement of Cash Flows:

Operating Activities Include the cash flows involved in producing goods and services These flows are the cash effects of the transactions that determine net income, including family living cash withdrawals These flows are the cash effects of the transactions that determine net income, including family living cash withdrawals Investing Activities Focuses on the cash resulting from the purchases and sales of capital assets and non-farm investments. Cash from cull sales of breeding livestock would be included in cash received from operations. Breeding stock liquidations or sales in excess of normal culling are also included Cash from cull sales of breeding livestock would be included in cash received from operations. Breeding stock liquidations or sales in excess of normal culling are also included Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Statement of Cash Flows:

Financing Activities Financial Activities would include the borrowing and repaying of loans by a business Financial Activities also includes: Obtaining equity funds from owners Obtaining equity funds from owners Disbursing equity funds to owners Disbursing equity funds to owners Repaying the principal portion on capital leases Repaying the principal portion on capital leases Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Statement of Cash Flows:

Preparing a Cash Flow Statement Statement of Cash Flows:

THANK YOU….