The Rise and Fall of Napoleon (Napoleonic Era) From Corsican to Emperor to Exile:

 The little Corsican – Born August 15, 1769 in rebellion vs. France – Studies Caesar – entered military  French Revolution: provides opportunities – 1793 – Noticed by Rev. Gov’t. at Toulon – 1794 – Robespierre’s fall & others = Napoleon’s rise – Oct 1795 mob of 80,000 attack NC Napoleon called upon – fires point blank w/cannons Uncounted deaths – promotion to major general – March 1796 General-in-Chief of army in Italy

The Consulate,  Coup d’etat  Constitution created a three consul system – Napoleon chosen as “First Consul” – The two subordinate consuls had little authority (Talleyrand: Foreign minister)  In 1802, Napoleon changed the Consulate – The people voted, electing Napoleon “First Consul for life”

Napoleonic Code  Commission drafted new law codes beginning 1800  1804 Civil Code (for France) goes into effect – By 1810, new laws in commercial and criminal cases had been developed – *Reaffirmed principle of citizens’ equality before the law – Marriage completely secularized – divorce restricted – Women: patriarchal society – obedience – no political voice – Penalties for political crimes increased  Sig: codification of laws for all – introduced to other countries under Napoleonic rule

Concordat of 1801  Pope Pius VI condemned clergy who signed CCC (Bishop) Talleyrand = “stained with perjury and guilty of desertion for relinquishing his church into the hands of laymen of his own authority.”  Danger of split – moves Pius VII to reconciliation with Napoleon  10 th draft finally approved by both sides – Recognizes Catholic faith is of majority of French citizens – but not national religion – French gov’t authority to nominate bishops – but Pope invests -- bishops choose priests – Pope won’t interfere with old church lands now owned by others  Napoleon adds “Organic Articles” reestablishing Gallicanism!  Sig: Church re-established after 11 years of suppression, but under French control!

Education Reforms  State-controlled system of secondary schools  French Academy restored 1795  Professional and technical schools developed as well – E.g. École Polytechnique  Public and some private schools run by a gov’t agency

Warfare [“World War” from !] , 1 st Coalition – Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, Port; Prussia accepts France as Protector of Germany; Spain allies w/ France b/c of Gibraltar 1797 Austria signs treaty of Campo Formio (gives over Belgium; France gets Left Bank of Rhine) nd Coalition – R, GB, A, OE, Port, Naples, Vatican GB defeats Nile (BUT Napoleon returns home w/stories of VICTORY); Nap. Sets out to recapture Italian territories 1801 Peace of Luneville – Fr. Advances on Vienna, Austria sues for peace 1802 Peace of Ameins – Great Britain backs off (1 year of European peace) “shame of princes” – German princes of Left Bank of Rhine bribe French for Right Bank territory; ultimately leads to Confederation of the Rhine (1806)

Stages of Occupation  Stage 1 = military conquest & occupation  Stage 2 = establishment of native satellite gov’t. – draft new constitution – regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and Grand Duchy of Warsaw stopped here)  Stage 3 = great internal reform & reorganization – esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk of Germany – Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!

Types of Reform  Church losses position as public authority – Inquisition abolished/church property confiscated – religious tolerance  Guilds abolished  gen. legislation of towns & provinces  internal tariffs removed (free trade)  Napoleonic Code accepted  hereditary office and sale of office abolished / personal expenses sep. from gov’t. expenses  common tax = land tax BUT, no self government & all dependent states must supply money & soldiers

Napoleonic Empire  Crowned himself emperor Dec. 3, 1804  1805 “King of Italy”  Established highly organized central gov’t – 83 French departments run by Prefects Dismantled local authorities est. during FR – Linked his authority to the countryside  Reorganized tax collection – Helped to put France on solid financial ground – No tax exemptions for anyone – Taxes collected by professionals

Warfare (con’t.)  1804 Napoleon’s Coronation;  War of the Third Coalition, – Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden vs. France 17 Oct at Ulm in Bavaria defeats Austria: goes on to capture Vienna 2 December 1805 at Austerlitz (110 km north of Vienna) defeats Russ./Aus. – “greatest victory” –Austria signs Treaty of Pressburg; Russia retreats to Poland –Holy Roman Empire disbanded by Napoleon Nap. creates Confederation of Rhine 1806 –Napoleon is “protector” –HREmperor Francis II becomes Francis I of Austrian Empire – Prussia enters war vs. France Jena and Auerstädt October 1806 (Nap. begins Arc de Triumphe!)

Warfare con’t.  1807 – Victory at Friedland (June 14) – Swift defeat pushes Russia to ally with France vs. Britain – Treaty of Tilsit: Alexander I accepts Nap. as “emperor of the West” – fears internal Russian revolt if France invades & wouldn’t mind being “Emperor of East”Alexander I - Breaks Polish territories from Prussia and forms Duchy of Warsaw; Fr. force occupation of Prussia  Reign of the Bonapartes Joseph, King of Naples till 1808 –Spain 1808 on (guerilla warfare – never “won”) Louis, King of Holland Jerome, King of Westphalia Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808  Austrian War of Liberation 1809 – Nap. takes Austrian Poland for Grand Duchy of Warsaw /  Now…for Britain!

Continental System  Effort to destroy British economy (“nation of shopkeepers”) – Britain 1805 confirms naval superiority – never a large army on mainland – Nap. will fight sea power with land power – So Berlin Decree, 1806: blockade British ships – So British “Order in Council,” 1807 all ships must stop in British port before moving on to Napoleonic port – So Milan Decree, 1807: retaliation, confiscate British goods  Continental System = colossal failure for French but not for British

Napoleonic Empire

Disaster  Peninsular War, – France occupied Spain and attempts to take over Portugal – Spanish rise up against French (Nap. 1 st defeat) Spanish rise up against French – Serious drain financially and militarily / Spanish guerillas supported by Lord Wellington  Russian Campaign, June 1812 – 611,000 men – France invades to punish Russia for refusing to help the Continental System – 3 month march to Moscow – short of food – ½ die – Battles severe – winter worse – scorched earth policy of Russians – Napoleon returns with 111,000! – Beginning of the end  Leipzig or Battle of the Nations Oct driven back to France

The End…or is it?  11 April 1814, Napoleon abdicates – Allied forces move him to Elba – Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, declared King of France – Bourbons restored! – 1 st Treaty of Paris: May 1814 – old France  “100 Days” – Napoleon returns to France March 1, 1815 – Reaches Paris and heads for Belgium – wants to disperse Congress of Vienna! – Defeated at Waterloo, 18 June Wellington – Napoleon sent to St. Helena island where he dies in 1821 – 2 nd Treaty of Paris: must pay now

Europe after Napolean

Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya