Napoleon

Rise of Napoleon Rose through office ranks to General, after string of military successes Strong Jacobin supporter: wanted democratic, non- monarchist government 1797: Defeated Austria in Italy, and negotiated peace treaty on his own 1799: Austria, Russia, Ottomans, Britain allied against France Slave Auction house in Atlanta

Rise of Napoleon Economic and military weakness heightened need for new constitution Napoleon allied with the Abbe Sieyes in coup d’etat against The Directory to end inefficiency and protect original revolution Napoleon concentrated power for himself under provisions new Constitution of Year VIII Apparently democratic constitution concentrated power in First Consul, Napoleon; declared himself emperor in 1804 Napoleon’s Coronation

Napoleonic France Napoleon’s rule ended the Revolution, and cemented in place many of its effects –Abolished inherited privilege –Continued private land ownership by peasants –Ensured power for the urban commercial class Napoleon, by David, a quintessential Romantic painting

Napoleonic Code “Napoleonic Code,” or Civil Code, enacted 1804 Codified all regional and national laws into one central national law Clear laws with clear penalties Maintained conservative, traditional social and financial order Became basis of European legal system to present day English cartoon, satirizing Napoleonic Code

Battle of Austerlitz, by Gerrard

Concordat with Catholic Church Agreement with Pope: bishops to be named by state, spiritually invested by Pope Compromise: clergy remained tied to government, but with papal approval Concordat depicted as miraculous

Military Exploits through 1807 Military might: huge army size, trained troops and officers, promotions based on merit not nobility 1803: defeated Austria and occupied Vienna 1805: defeated Russia and Austria at Austerlitz, making Napoleon king of Italy 1805: French navy defeated at Trafalgar by Lord Nelson 1806: organized western princes into Confederation of the Rhine: ended HRE 1806: defeated Prussia at Jena, taking Berlin 1807: defeated Russia at Königsberg, taking all of Prussia and Germany 1807: Treaty of Tilsit confirmed France’s gains, and Russia allies with France

Continental System Prevented European trade with Britain Internal tariffs favored France; caused resentment Backfired, as Europe needed trade with Britain more than Britain needed trade with Europe

Changes in Europe Napoleonic Code and constitutional law imple- mented in conquered areas Feudalism and serfdom abolished in conquered areas Guilds dissolved, freeing artisans and capitalists Churches made subservient to states Despite changes, conquered peoples grew nationalistic, sought to overthrow French rule

Fall of Napoleon 1808: French troop presence in Spain led to Spanish revolt Napoleon replaced Bourbons with his brother on Spanish throne Spanish fought bitter guerrilla war against French troops 1810: Tensions increased with Russia, and Russia left the Continental System Shooting of the 3 rd of May, by Goya, 1814

Retreat from Russia, by Charlet

Fall of Napoleon Napoleon invaded Russia with 600,000 troops, but Russians retreated into winter 1812: Battle of Borodino, French defeat despite heavier Russian losses Napoleon took burned-out Moscow, but Alexander I ignored treaty requests Only 100,000 French soldiers returned to France, Napoleon resigned to Elba Napoleon at Borodino

Congress of Vienna Austria, Russia, Britain, Prussia joined to reorganize Europe into stability Key goal: create peace and stability, and prevent further revolution Restore Bourbons under constitutional monarchy in France HRE not revived

Congress of Vienna Russia took much of Poland, Prussia took much of Saxony Established the Congress System to meet periodically to discuss stability in Europe, led mainly by Metternich 100 Days: Napoleon returned from Elba to lead France again Battle of Waterloo: final defeat for Napoleon, and his exile to St Helena Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Prussia, Britain, Russia Created a framework for international law and future meetings to maintain peace Charge of Posonby’s Brigade, Waterloo