The REACTIONARY Stage

THIRD STAGE Thermidorian reaction Churches re-opened Jacobin clubs closed Politically corrupt / continued instability

Constitution of 1795 Executive branch - Five individuals Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1795 – inflation / bread riots “Confidence from below; authority from above” - Sieyès

Identify NAPOLEON - the man, myth, legend Discuss Napoleon’s paradoxical rise and fall from power Enlightened? OR Despotic? Hero? OR Tyrant?

Napoleon Bonaparte ( ) (r ) “Little Corporal” Island of Corsica Workaholic, military genius, revolutionary leader, meglomanic

“I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon I

 “I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.” - Napoleon

École Militaire – French Military School (Second-Lieutenant – artillery) 1789 – French Revolution (Corsica) 1793 – Siege of Toulon - Brigadier general 1796 – Commander of the French Army in Italy – Italian Campaigns – Egyptian Expedition

November 9, th Brumaire coup d'état – strike against the state – seizure of power 3 man executive - Consulate First Consul ( ) Stability and Order New Constitution 4 th since 1789 All Power to Napoleon

Universal male suffrage (age 21) Referendum – Plebiscite “Yes” or “No” 3 House Legislature (Council, Senate, Tribune) Roman influence Senate appointed by Napoleon Plebiscite Vote – 3 million to 1500 ?????

Council of State Proposed laws Tribune Debated laws but did not vote on them Legislature Voted on laws but did not discuss or propose them Senate Had the right to veto legislation

1804 – plebiscite People vote to make Napoleon EMPEROR Coronation of Napoleon and Empress Josephine Notre Dame Cathedral Seized crown from the Pope VII (r )

Napoleonic Code (1804) Bank of France (1800) Concordat with the Pope (1801) Legion of Honor (1802) Public Education, roads, sewer system, tax structure Careers open to talent Religious toleration Ends serfdom “Son of the revolution”

Secret Police – surveillance of political dissenters Censorship – 73 newspapers to 13 Coins, engravings, histories, paintings, monuments Glorification of France and Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars ( ) Abolished the Holy Roman Empire Continental System – blockade British goods Defeat - Prussian & Austrian Armies Conquered Italy Through treaties and force Napoleon controls ALL of Europe EXCEPT?

1805 Off the coast of Spain British fleet defeat Spanish and French British led by Horatio Nelson

Iberian Peninsula Napoleon invades Portugal Continental system – forbade British goods “Spanish Ulcer” Napoleon’s brother = King Joseph of Spain

1812 Russia breaks Continental System Trade w/ Great Britain Tsar Alexander I (r ) NAPOLEON INVADES RUSSIA

Grande Armée (500,000 – 750,000) Russia – Scorched Earth Policy Moscow burns Napoleon waits 6 weeks – RETREAT One of the greatest tactical blunders in history Grande Armée decimated – 10,000 survived?

Charles Joseph Minard

Battle of Nations (1813) Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia defeat Napoleon Leipzig Abdicates throne Exiled to the Island of Elba – off the coast of Italy Napoleon escapes returns to France

BRITISH Duke of Wellington BRITISH Duke of Wellington PRUSSIAN General Blücher

March 1, 1815 Returns to France Raises an army – Louis XVIII fled FINAL DEFEAT – Battle of Waterloo June 18, 1815 Exiled to St. Helena

May 5, 1821 Age 52 Stomach Cancer? Arsenic Murder? Buried on St. Helena Body returned to Paris 1840

Les Invalides (An va lead) 6 Coffins – iron, mahogany, lead, lead, ebony, oak Completed in 1861 Surrounded by 12 pillars of victory

“To die is nothing but to live defeated without glory is to die every day” - Napoleon

Monarchs who incorporate some of the ideas of the Enlightenment as well as enhancing their own power. Which of Napoleon’s policies and accomplishments were Enlightened and which were Despotic?