THE RENAISSANCE Artistic Impact:Intellectual / Religious Impact: Political Impact:Economic Impact:

THE PRINCE – by Niccolo Machievelli WHETHER IT IS BETTER FOR THE PRINCE TO BE LOVED OR FEARED “From this arises the question: whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The answer is that one would like to be both, but as it is difficult for fear and love to go together, it is better to be feared. One can say about men: they are ungrateful, liars, and deceivers, anxious to avoid danger, and greedy. As long as you are useful to them, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you, risk their lives, their children, so long as the danger is remote. But when you are in danger, they turn against you. Any prince who has come to depend on promises and take no other precautions, ensures his own ruin … men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared.” Do you agree with Machievelli’s advice in this passage? Explain why or why not. ____________________________________________________________________

Unit 5 Vocabulary Page 1 WordDefinitionsentence/picture renaissance humanists secular fresco vernacular

Unit 5 Vocabulary Page 2 WordDefinitionsentence/picture excommunication indulgences predestination Columbian Exchange circumnavigate

Unit 5 Vocabulary Page 3 WordDefinitionsentence/picture conquistadors Jesuits Encomienda system Middle passage

LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES 6. The Pope cannot forgive any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been forgiven by God. If his right to grant forgiveness in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven. 27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of purgatory [a place between Heaven and Hell, where the soul awaits judgment] immediately after the money clinks in the bottom of the chest. 28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the bottom of the chest, avarice and greed increase… 32. Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers. What do you think Martin Luther was challenging by issuing these statements? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________

EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION End of Religious Unity. The religious unity of Western Europe, which had lasted for a thousand years, was shattered forever. Europe’s religious differences led to a century of warfare between Protestants and Catholics Growth of Royal Power. Without a powerful central church, the power of European kings began to grow. In England, King Henry VIII broke with the Pope and became the head of the Church of England in 1534 Persecution. Rulers tried to ensure that their subjects were all of one faith. This often led to the persecution of religious minorities

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER- REFORMATION The Council of Trent ( ) was held to redefine Catholic beliefs and to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Council ended the sale of indulgences. The Inquisition was used by Church officials to end heresy by force. Trials were held to examine, often by torture, those who denied or opposed Church teachings. The Jesuits, begun by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, were dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith.