Section 2.9 The Protestant Reformation (Early 1500s to Mid 1600s)

Major Factors Contributing to Religious Conflict in 1500s Religious –Corruption –Babylonian Captivity –Great Schism Political –Resentment of Church interference in state affairs Economic –Tithe, usury laws Intellectual –Renaissance thought encouraged many to question Church’s teachings Technological –Guttenberg's printing press

Martin Luther ( ) German monk and professor or religion at Wittenberg Faith Alone Johann Tetzel ( ) –“As soon as gold in the basin rings, the souls in purgatory spring” 95 Theses (10/31/1517) –Criticized sale of indulgences/papal wealth/papal authority

Luther’s Theology ( ) Faith Alone Bible ultimate authority Secular life can be just a holy as monastic Rejects celibacy Baptism and communion only sacraments No purgatory Transubstantiation by presence Secular rulers are supreme authority in all matters except theological

Diet of Worms Pope Leo X excommunicates him in 1521 Placed on trial at Diet of Worms HRE Charles V ordered Luther to recant his beliefs “to go against conscience is neither right nor safe”

Protestantism Luther hides under protection of Frederick of Saxony Diet of Speyer (1529) Charles V orders Luther and his followers arrested Princes issue defiant protest –Hence the term Protestant

Social Impact of Lutheranism Peasant Revolts –Demands for social and economic equality –Luther supports Princes “Against the Murdering Thieving Hordes of Peasants” Inspires other reformers –Zwingli Democratized religion –Encouraged literacy Women –Dignified domestic work –marriage is sacred –education for women

Impact on Germany Habsburg’s power –weakened by Reformation nationalistic feelings League of Schmalkaden 1531 –Alliance of Protestant rulers (and Catholic France) formed against Charles V (HRE) –Pope refuses to help Charles (resents Hapsburg power) Peace of Augsburg 1555 –permanent division of Germany into Lutheran and Catholic areas –Cius regio eius religio Charles V

John Calvin Priest and lawyer Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) Bible final authority faith alone affirmed Viewed man as sinful, corrupted Predestination –God already determined who will be saved –Fatalist Geneva Consistory –ruled city as a theocracy –Michael Servetus burned at stake for denying Trinity and Baptism Women Obedient to husbands Impact –Spreads in form of Huguenots, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Congregationalism

Anglican Reformation Henry VIII –“Defender of the Faith” –Lacked male heir to throne –Asked Pope to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Charles V’s aunt) Based on Leviticus passage Pope Clement VII ( ) –remained silent –Charles V’s soldiers are stationed in Rome Henry separates from Catholic Church –Takes Anne Boleyn as wife Act of Supremacy 1534 –Parliament says monarchy head of Church of England –Closed monasteries, seized church lands (gives to nobles) –Retains Catholic ritual Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn

Edward VI and Bloody Mary Edward VI –Administered by devout protestants –Dies shortly after taking throne Mary –Attempts to re-Catholicize England –Marries Philip of Spain –Burns 300 Protestants at the state –Dies (of cancer) in 1558

Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth can’t be Catholic Made concessions to both Catholics and Protestants –Priests allowed to marry –Catholic ritual (golden crucifix, robes, etc.) retained

Protestant Beliefs consolidated Reject papal authority Reject special character of priesthood Accept clerical marriage Reject monastic life Vernacular over Latin Sacraments reduced (2 or 3) Deny transubstantiation Deny priestly absolution of sin Deny purgatory Reject cult of saints and Virgin Emphasize Bible as supreme authority Allow for private judgment Parenthood praised