Biological Theories The Earliest Positivistic Theories

CESARE LOMBROSO ( ) PHYSICIAN PHYSICIAN 1876 WROTE, THE CRIMINAL MAN 1876 WROTE, THE CRIMINAL MAN ATAVISTIC CRIMINAL ATAVISTIC CRIMINAL EVOLUTINARY THROW BACKS EVOLUTINARY THROW BACKS STIGMATA STIGMATA INDICATORS OF THE BORN CRIMINAL INDICATORS OF THE BORN CRIMINAL

DEVIATION IN HEAD SIZE AND SHAPE FROM TYPE COMMON TO RACE AND REGION FROM WHICH THE CRIMINAL CAME DEVIATION IN HEAD SIZE AND SHAPE FROM TYPE COMMON TO RACE AND REGION FROM WHICH THE CRIMINAL CAME ASYMMETRY OF THE FACE ASYMMETRY OF THE FACE EYE DEFECTS AND PECULIARITIES EYE DEFECTS AND PECULIARITIES EXCESSIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE JAW AND CHEEK BONES EXCESSIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE JAW AND CHEEK BONES EARS OF UNUSUAL SIZE, OR OCCASIONALLY VERY SMALL, OR STANDING OUT FROM THE HEAD AS DO THOSE OF THE CHIMPANZEE EARS OF UNUSUAL SIZE, OR OCCASIONALLY VERY SMALL, OR STANDING OUT FROM THE HEAD AS DO THOSE OF THE CHIMPANZEE

NOSE TWISTED, UPTURNED, OR FLATTENED IN THIEVES, OR AQUILINE OR BEAK-LIKE IN MURDERERS, OR WITH A TIP RISING LIKE A PEAK FROM SWOLLEN NOSTRILS. NOSE TWISTED, UPTURNED, OR FLATTENED IN THIEVES, OR AQUILINE OR BEAK-LIKE IN MURDERERS, OR WITH A TIP RISING LIKE A PEAK FROM SWOLLEN NOSTRILS. LIPS FLESHY, SWOLLEN, & PROTRUDING LIPS FLESHY, SWOLLEN, & PROTRUDING POUCHES IN THE CHEEK LIKE THOSE OF SOME ANIMALS POUCHES IN THE CHEEK LIKE THOSE OF SOME ANIMALS PECULIARITIES OF THE PALATE, SUCH AS ARE FOUND IN SOME REPTILES, AND CLEFT PALATE. PECULIARITIES OF THE PALATE, SUCH AS ARE FOUND IN SOME REPTILES, AND CLEFT PALATE. CHIN RECEDING, OR EXCESSIVELY LONG, OR SHORT AND FLAT, AS IN APES. CHIN RECEDING, OR EXCESSIVELY LONG, OR SHORT AND FLAT, AS IN APES. ABNORMAL DENTITION. ABNORMAL DENTITION.

ABUNDANCE, VARIETY, AND PRECOCITY OF WRINKLES ABUNDANCE, VARIETY, AND PRECOCITY OF WRINKLES ANOMALIES OF THE HAIR, MARKED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAIR OF THE OPPOSITE SEX. ANOMALIES OF THE HAIR, MARKED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAIR OF THE OPPOSITE SEX. DEFECTS OF THE THORAX, SUCH AS TOO MANY OR TOO FEW RIBS, OR SUPERNUMERARY NIPPLES DEFECTS OF THE THORAX, SUCH AS TOO MANY OR TOO FEW RIBS, OR SUPERNUMERARY NIPPLES INVERSION OF SEX CHARACTERS IN THE PELVIC ORGANS INVERSION OF SEX CHARACTERS IN THE PELVIC ORGANS EXCESSIVE LENGTH OF ARMS EXCESSIVE LENGTH OF ARMS SUPERNUMERARY FINGERS AND TOES SUPERNUMERARY FINGERS AND TOES IMBALANCE OF THE HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN (ASYMMETRY OF CRANIUM) IMBALANCE OF THE HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN (ASYMMETRY OF CRANIUM)

SUMMARY HE CONSISTENTLY EMPHASIZED THE NEED FOR DIRECT STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL, UTILIZING MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC DATA. HE CONSISTENTLY EMPHASIZED THE NEED FOR DIRECT STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL, UTILIZING MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC DATA. HE BEGAN WITH THE BASIC ASSUMPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL NATURE OF HUMAN CHARACTER AND BEHAVIOR: HE BEGAN WITH THE BASIC ASSUMPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL NATURE OF HUMAN CHARACTER AND BEHAVIOR: A. HE FIRST CONCEIVED OF THE CRIMINAL AS A THROWBACK TO A MORE PRIMITIVE TYPE OF BRAIN STRUCTURE, AND THEREFORE OF BEHAVIOR. A. HE FIRST CONCEIVED OF THE CRIMINAL AS A THROWBACK TO A MORE PRIMITIVE TYPE OF BRAIN STRUCTURE, AND THEREFORE OF BEHAVIOR. B. HE LATER MODIFIED THIS TO INCLUDE GENERAL DEGENERACY OF DEFECTIVENESS. B. HE LATER MODIFIED THIS TO INCLUDE GENERAL DEGENERACY OF DEFECTIVENESS. C. HE NEVER CLAIMED THAT THE BORN CRIMINAL CONSTITUTED MORE THAN 40% PROBABLY LESS, ONLY ABOUT 1/3 OF THE TOTAL CRIMINAL POPULATION C. HE NEVER CLAIMED THAT THE BORN CRIMINAL CONSTITUTED MORE THAN 40% PROBABLY LESS, ONLY ABOUT 1/3 OF THE TOTAL CRIMINAL POPULATION

WITH SUCCESSIVE YEARS OF STUDY, DISCUSSION, AND CONTACT WITH CRITICS, HE MODIFIED HIS THEORY AND METHOD MORE AND MORE TO INCLUDE ALL KINDS OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA. THROUGH IT ALL, HE ALWAYS ATTEMPTED TO BE: WITH SUCCESSIVE YEARS OF STUDY, DISCUSSION, AND CONTACT WITH CRITICS, HE MODIFIED HIS THEORY AND METHOD MORE AND MORE TO INCLUDE ALL KINDS OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA. THROUGH IT ALL, HE ALWAYS ATTEMPTED TO BE: A. OBJECTIVE, IN METHOD, OFTEN STATISTICAL A. OBJECTIVE, IN METHOD, OFTEN STATISTICAL B. POSITIVE IN THE SENSE OF DETERMINISTIC B. POSITIVE IN THE SENSE OF DETERMINISTIC C. FAITHFUL TO THE BASIC IDEA OF CAUSE AS A CHAIN OF INTERRELATED EVENTS, NOT THE MORE C. FAITHFUL TO THE BASIC IDEA OF CAUSE AS A CHAIN OF INTERRELATED EVENTS, NOT THE MORE

THE FEMALE OFFENDER 1909 MOST WOMEN ARE NOT CRIMINAL MOST WOMEN ARE NOT CRIMINAL THOSE THAT ARE, ARE MOST OFTEN OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS THOSE THAT ARE, ARE MOST OFTEN OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS BUT, SOME WOMEN ARE ACTAVISTIC CRIMINALS BUT, SOME WOMEN ARE ACTAVISTIC CRIMINALS HARDER TO DETECT THEN MEN HARDER TO DETECT THEN MEN MORE VICIOUS MORE VICIOUS

EARNEST A. HOOTON, HARVARD ANTHROPOLOGIST THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY 1939

Compared 14,000 Male prisoners to Compared 14,000 Male prisoners to 3,203 non-criminal males 3,203 non-criminal males IN 19 OUT OF 33 MEASUREMENTS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIMINALS AND CIVILIANS IN 19 OUT OF 33 MEASUREMENTS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIMINALS AND CIVILIANS CRIMINALS ARE INFERIOR TO CIVILIANS IN NEARLY ALL THEIR BODILY MEASUREMENTS CRIMINALS ARE INFERIOR TO CIVILIANS IN NEARLY ALL THEIR BODILY MEASUREMENTS LOW FOREHEADS, HIGH PINCHED NASAL ROOTS, NASAL BRIDGES AND TIPS VARYING TO BOTH EXTREMES OF BREADTH AND NARROWNESS, EXCESS OF NASAL DEFLECTIONS, COMPRESSED FACES AND NARROW JAWS, FIT WELL INTO THE PICTURE OF GENERAL CONSTITUTIONAL INFERIORITY. LOW FOREHEADS, HIGH PINCHED NASAL ROOTS, NASAL BRIDGES AND TIPS VARYING TO BOTH EXTREMES OF BREADTH AND NARROWNESS, EXCESS OF NASAL DEFLECTIONS, COMPRESSED FACES AND NARROW JAWS, FIT WELL INTO THE PICTURE OF GENERAL CONSTITUTIONAL INFERIORITY.

PHYSICAL INFERIORITY IS SIGNIFICANT PRINCIPALLY BECAUSE IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL INFERIORITY. PHYSICAL INFERIORITY IS SIGNIFICANT PRINCIPALLY BECAUSE IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL INFERIORITY. THE BASIC CAUSE OF THE INFERIORITY (PROBABLY) IS DUE TO HEREDITY AND NOT TO SITUATION OR CIRCUMSTANCE. THE BASIC CAUSE OF THE INFERIORITY (PROBABLY) IS DUE TO HEREDITY AND NOT TO SITUATION OR CIRCUMSTANCE. DARK EYES AND BLUE EYES ARE DEFICIENT IN CRIMINALS, AND BLUE-GRAY AND MIXED EYES ARE IN EXCESS;...EYEBROWS THAT ARE THIN TO VERY THIN OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY. DARK EYES AND BLUE EYES ARE DEFICIENT IN CRIMINALS, AND BLUE-GRAY AND MIXED EYES ARE IN EXCESS;...EYEBROWS THAT ARE THIN TO VERY THIN OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY. TATTOOING IS MORE COMMON AMONG CRIMINALS THAN AMONG CIVILIAN CONTROLS. TATTOOING IS MORE COMMON AMONG CRIMINALS THAN AMONG CIVILIAN CONTROLS.

THIN LIPS AND COMPRESSED JAW ANGLES OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY; MARKED OVERBITE LESS FREQUENTLY AMONG CRIMINALS THAN CIVILIANS. THIN LIPS AND COMPRESSED JAW ANGLES OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY; MARKED OVERBITE LESS FREQUENTLY AMONG CRIMINALS THAN CIVILIANS. THE EAR OF THE CRIMINAL TENDS TO A SLIGHTLY ROLLED HELIX, AND MORE PERCEPTIBLE DARWIN'S POINT THAN THAT OF THE CIVILIAN; ALSO MORE EXTREME VARIATIONS OF EAR PROTRUSION, AND THE CRIMINAL EAR TENDS TO BE SMALL. THE EAR OF THE CRIMINAL TENDS TO A SLIGHTLY ROLLED HELIX, AND MORE PERCEPTIBLE DARWIN'S POINT THAN THAT OF THE CIVILIAN; ALSO MORE EXTREME VARIATIONS OF EAR PROTRUSION, AND THE CRIMINAL EAR TENDS TO BE SMALL. LOW AND SLOPING FOREHEADS, LONG, THIN NECKS, AND SLOPING SHOULDERS, ARE SIMILARLY IN EXCESS AMONG CRIMINALS IN COMPARISONS WITH CIVILIANS. LOW AND SLOPING FOREHEADS, LONG, THIN NECKS, AND SLOPING SHOULDERS, ARE SIMILARLY IN EXCESS AMONG CRIMINALS IN COMPARISONS WITH CIVILIANS.

Why the appeal? “tall thin men, he claimed, tended to be murderers and robbers, “tall thin men, he claimed, tended to be murderers and robbers, whereas tall heavy men, besides killing, were also prone to forgery and fraud.” (Curran & Renzetti pg.34-35) whereas tall heavy men, besides killing, were also prone to forgery and fraud.” (Curran & Renzetti pg.34-35) Look at Hooton’s book Why Men Behave like Apes and Vice Versa (1940) Look at Hooton’s book Why Men Behave like Apes and Vice Versa (1940)

What is Wrong? Look at control group Look at control group Look at how crime is defined Look at how crime is defined Who are in Institutions Who are in Institutions

William Sheldon Somatotyping Somatotyping VARIOUS BOOKS FROM DEVELOPED BASED ON TISSUE LAYERS, EMBRYOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY VARIOUS BOOKS FROM DEVELOPED BASED ON TISSUE LAYERS, EMBRYOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY ENDODERM ENDODERM MESODERM MESODERM EXTODERM EXTODERM

DEVELOPED THREE PHYSICAL AND TEMPERAMENT TYPES 1. PHYSIQUE - ENDOMORPHIC: RELATIVELY GREAT DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE VISCERA; TENDENCY TO PUT ON FAT; SOFT ROUNDNESS THROUGH VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE BODY; SHORT TAPERING LIMBS; SMALL BONES; SOFT, SMOOTH, VELVETY SKIN TEMPERAMENT 1. PHYSIQUE - ENDOMORPHIC: RELATIVELY GREAT DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE VISCERA; TENDENCY TO PUT ON FAT; SOFT ROUNDNESS THROUGH VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE BODY; SHORT TAPERING LIMBS; SMALL BONES; SOFT, SMOOTH, VELVETY SKIN TEMPERAMENT VISCEROTONIC: GENERAL RELAXATION OF BODY; A COMFORTABLE PERSON; LOVES SOFT LUXURY; A SOFTIE BUT STILL ESSENTIALLY AN EXTROVERT VISCEROTONIC: GENERAL RELAXATION OF BODY; A COMFORTABLE PERSON; LOVES SOFT LUXURY; A SOFTIE BUT STILL ESSENTIALLY AN EXTROVERT

2. PHYSIQUE - MESOMORPHIC: RELATIVE PREDOMINANCE OF MUSCLES, BONE AND THE MOTOR ORGANS OF THE BODY; LARGE TRUNK; HEAVY CHEST; LARGE WRISTS AND HANDS; 2. PHYSIQUE - MESOMORPHIC: RELATIVE PREDOMINANCE OF MUSCLES, BONE AND THE MOTOR ORGANS OF THE BODY; LARGE TRUNK; HEAVY CHEST; LARGE WRISTS AND HANDS; TEMPERAMENT - SOMOTONIC: ACTIVE, DYNAMIC, PERSON;WALKS, TALKS, GESTURES ASSERTIVELY; BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY TEMPERAMENT - SOMOTONIC: ACTIVE, DYNAMIC, PERSON;WALKS, TALKS, GESTURES ASSERTIVELY; BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY

3. PHYSIQUE - ECTOMORPHIC: RELATIVE PREDOMINANCE OF SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES, WHICH INCLUDES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; LEAN, FRAGILE, DELICATE BODY; SMALL DELICATE BONES; DROOPY SHOULDERS; SMALL FACE, SHARP NOSE, FINE HAIR; RELATIVELY LITTLE BODY MASS AND RELATIVELY GREAT SURFACE AREA 3. PHYSIQUE - ECTOMORPHIC: RELATIVE PREDOMINANCE OF SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES, WHICH INCLUDES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; LEAN, FRAGILE, DELICATE BODY; SMALL DELICATE BONES; DROOPY SHOULDERS; SMALL FACE, SHARP NOSE, FINE HAIR; RELATIVELY LITTLE BODY MASS AND RELATIVELY GREAT SURFACE AREA TEMPERAMENT- CEREBROTONIC: AN INTROVERT; FULL OF FUNCTIONAL COMPLAINTS, ALLERGIES, SKIN TROUBLES, CHRONIC FATIGUE, INSOMNIA; SENSITIVE TO NOISE AND DISTRACTIONS; SHRINKS FROM CROWDS. TEMPERAMENT- CEREBROTONIC: AN INTROVERT; FULL OF FUNCTIONAL COMPLAINTS, ALLERGIES, SKIN TROUBLES, CHRONIC FATIGUE, INSOMNIA; SENSITIVE TO NOISE AND DISTRACTIONS; SHRINKS FROM CROWDS.

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General Pedigree Criminal Parents have criminal children Criminal Parents have criminal children Think of Jukes Think of Jukes How much is due to genetics? How much is due to genetics? How much to environmental factors? How much to environmental factors?

Twin Studies Identical twins (MZ) 100% shared Identical twins (MZ) 100% shared Fraternal twins (DZ) 50% shared Fraternal twins (DZ) 50% shared Just like other siblings Just like other siblings Importance? Importance? Environment becomes a control Environment becomes a control Finds support for delinquency and selecting of friends Finds support for delinquency and selecting of friends Problems? Methods, sampling, return rates; how much are twins treated the same? Problems? Methods, sampling, return rates; how much are twins treated the same?

ADOPTION STUDIES Perhaps one way to gage biology’s influence is to: Perhaps one way to gage biology’s influence is to: Look at children born of same parents but raised apart Look at children born of same parents but raised apart Mednick’s study – 14,427 adpoted boys Mednick’s study – 14,427 adpoted boys Non-criminal biological parents OR adoptive parents – 13.5% had convictions Non-criminal biological parents OR adoptive parents – 13.5% had convictions

Non-criminal biological & at least 1 adoptive parent criminal resulted in 14.7% Non-criminal biological & at least 1 adoptive parent criminal resulted in 14.7% At least 1 biological parent and non- adoptive – 20% At least 1 biological parent and non- adoptive – 20% At least 1 of each – 24.5% At least 1 of each – 24.5% How much does environment impact this? How much does environment impact this? These studies have methodological problems… These studies have methodological problems…

Methodological Problems How is crime defined – type of behavior included; using incarcerated mothers; etc How is crime defined – type of behavior included; using incarcerated mothers; etc Varying amounts of time spent with biological parents and some time in foster homes Varying amounts of time spent with biological parents and some time in foster homes Those who were separated later and those having spent time in institutions where more likely to exhibit antisocial behavior Those who were separated later and those having spent time in institutions where more likely to exhibit antisocial behavior

XYY Richard Speck case in Chicago Richard Speck case in Chicago Daniel Hugon in France Daniel Hugon in France Belief was – Y chromosome associated with increase testosterone and testosterone with aggressive behavior Belief was – Y chromosome associated with increase testosterone and testosterone with aggressive behavior In Edinburgh a higher proportion of inmates in maximum-security hospital with XYY than the general population (1965) In Edinburgh a higher proportion of inmates in maximum-security hospital with XYY than the general population (1965)

More recent studies found More recent studies found Less aggressive than XY males Less aggressive than XY males Convicted of petty property crimes Convicted of petty property crimes May have more to do with physical features such as height May have more to do with physical features such as height Lower intelligence Lower intelligence Class bias (related to prenatal care etc.) Class bias (related to prenatal care etc.)

PMS What have been the links of PMS to crime for women? What have been the links of PMS to crime for women?