Genocide Twentieth Century

Genocide Definition (1944) – any of the following act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, such as

Killing members of the group Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group

Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part

Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

Anatomy of Exclusion Stereotypes Blame Hatred Exclusion Legalized Persecution Extermination

Genocides of the 1900’s

Armenia - Then

Armenia - Now

Committee of Union and Progress Comes to power in the Ottoman Empire (1913) –Want exclusive Turkish state Get rid of Armenians (Christians)

Committee of Union and Progress Joins Triple Alliance –Uses World War I to hide their methods

Committee of Union and Progress “Re-Settlement” Program –Deportation of Armenians to South Forced marches Plunder homes and lands –Take what they want from Armenians

On the March South Attack convoys South –Hack people with swords – strike fear into survivors Place people into bondage in Muslim households

On the March South Do not provide provisions –No food or water When they reach destination people are sent further South into the desert

Killings Start with Armenian soldiers –Could be pro-Russian –Either shot or worked to death

Outcomes 1.5 million Armenians killed Only 400 Muslims arrested –Little punishment given STILL not acknowledged by the Turkish government genocide.org/photo_wegner.htmlhttp:// genocide.org/photo_wegner.html

Bosnia –

Background Bosnia was once a part of Yugoslavia along with Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia After the death of General Tito, Slobodan Milosevic assumes power

Milosevic

Under Milosevic Conflict between Serbs (Christian minority, Milosevic's group, and Muslims)

1991 Slovenia and Croatia declare independence –Milosevic invades Slovenia for 10 days before turning attention to Croatia Bombs Vukovar for 86 days Men and boys executed into mass graves

World Reaction Slovenia and Croatia recognized as independent UN arms embargo on all ex- Yugoslav Republics –Milosevic still has weapons

1992 April –Bosnia recognized as independent 32% Serb – Milosevic's group Milosevic invades Bosnia –Sarajevo – snipers shot anyone 3,500 children shot –Burn towns, kill men, rape women

Turning Points February 6, 1994 –Mortar falls in Sarajevo market Kills 68, wounds 200+ Brings media coverage Reaction –Clinton orders Serb withdraw from Sarajevo -comply

Turning Points Srebrenica –“re-populated” town – all Muslims moved here Protected by UN –Serbs say that all men and boys need to be screened before returning to families

Srebrenica (con’t) Men and Boys loaded on buses and shot in country-side Women and children deported

Results of Srebrenica 12,000 men and boys shot –7,500 in country –3,000 trying to escape –1,500 in a warehouse within town More killed on farms outside of town

World Reaction UN air strike from August 30, 1995 until November 1995 Dayton Accord –Two Bosnia's –Elections –Prosecution of war criminals –60,000 NATO troops

Outcomes Milosevic stays in power until 2001 –Arrest by UN, put on trial 2004 Dies of natural causes March, 2006 –Trial incomplete

Statistics 200,000 Muslims dead 20,000 missing 2,000,000 displaced

Rwanda – April 6 to July15, 1994

Background Historically, Rwandans broken into two groups by Europeans: Both groups share common culture, language, and customs

The Groups Hutus –Majority –Workers –Laborers Tutsi –Minority –Landowners Favored by Europeans

Balance of Power By 1959 the Hutus are in power –Tutsis start the Rwandan Patriotic Front to combat the Hutus

After Independence (1962) Hutus persecute Tutsis –Tutsis may not go to secondary school or university

Civil War 1990 – Hutus vs. Rwandan Patriotic Front –Cease-fire signed 1993

Spark April 6, 1994 –As the president of Rwanda takes off for Burundi to sign a peace accord with RPF, his plane is blown up Tutsis blamed immediately

Genocide Hutus immediately start killing –Moderate Hutus first – no opposition –Tutsis – seen as “cockroaches” A parasite that is taking things from Hutus

The End The RPF attacks Rwanda –Stop the killing when they capture Kigali – capital

Final Number Over 800,000 killed in 100 days –Most by machete

World Reaction UN forces sent to evacuate other countries citizens Forces were allowed to monitor an observe, but not intervene

Darfur, Sudan – 2003 to Present

Background Traditionally there have been two groups in Sudan –Africans – farmers and landowners in Darfur –Arabs – nomadic herders

Background Arabs had taken power and start to ignore Africans’ needs Africans start the Sudanese Liberation Army

April 2003 Sudanese Liberation Army attacks air force base –Kill 75 –Destroy 5 planes –Capture commander

Government Response Sponsor the removal of Africans from Darfur –Use the Janjaweed Arab ethnic militia

Attacks Air Strikes – military helicopters Janjaweed or military move in Looting Burning Target food sources

Other Methods Rape of Women –Offspring will be Arab Guard water wells –No water to get through the desert

Numbers 250,000 to 400,000 dead 2.5 million displaced

World Reaction African Union has placed about 8,000 soldiers in the area to stop the genocide –Mostly from Rwanda UN has discussed the problem