Warm-up What is consciousness? What is consciousness? What is the purpose of dreaming? What is the purpose of dreaming?

Consciousness-awareness of ourselves and our environment “Our normal waking consciousness, rational consciousness as we call it, is but one special type of consciousness, whilst all about it, parted from it by the filmiest of screens, there lie potential forms of consciousness entirely different”. - William James “Our normal waking consciousness, rational consciousness as we call it, is but one special type of consciousness, whilst all about it, parted from it by the filmiest of screens, there lie potential forms of consciousness entirely different”. - William James

A recent study pointed out that almost half of our waking hours are spent daydreaming or thinking of something other than what we are doing. A recent study pointed out that almost half of our waking hours are spent daydreaming or thinking of something other than what we are doing. If consciousness is awareness of ourselves and our environment then, by definition, are we spending half of our lives unconscious? If consciousness is awareness of ourselves and our environment then, by definition, are we spending half of our lives unconscious?

Subconscious-part of our mind that is accessible, but we are not currently accessing it. Subconscious-part of our mind that is accessible, but we are not currently accessing it. “The conscious mind may be compared to a fountain playing in the sun and falling back into the great subterranean pool of subconscious from which it rises”. Sigmund Freud “The conscious mind may be compared to a fountain playing in the sun and falling back into the great subterranean pool of subconscious from which it rises”. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud

Unconscious-not accessible-suppressed memories/forbidden thoughts and desires Unconscious-not accessible-suppressed memories/forbidden thoughts and desires The unconscious is the ocean of the unsayable, of what has been expelled from the land of language, removed as a result of ancient prohibitions. Italo Calvino The unconscious is the ocean of the unsayable, of what has been expelled from the land of language, removed as a result of ancient prohibitions. Italo Calvino Italo Calvino Italo Calvino

Sleep and Dreams Bio-rhythms-cycles the body goes through Bio-rhythms-cycles the body goes through Examples: Examples: 1. Circadian rhythm-our 24 hour cycle 2. Sleep cycle Chronobiology- Chronobiology- Cave experiment-found that people take daily naps when given no light cues. They went into a 25 hour circadian rhythm.

In 2000, 61 year old French researcher Michel Siffre stayed underground with no time cues for 73 days In 2000, 61 year old French researcher Michel Siffre stayed underground with no time cues for 73 days

Brain Waves Beta waves-awake and alert Beta waves-awake and alert Alpha waves-stage one sleep or awake and relaxed. Alpha waves-stage one sleep or awake and relaxed. Theta waves-stage 2 sleep Theta waves-stage 2 sleep Delta waves-begin in stage 3 and continue to 4 Delta waves-begin in stage 3 and continue to 4

Sleep deprivation effects-lack of concentration, irritable, weak immune system Sleep deprivation effects-lack of concentration, irritable, weak immune system

Problems with sleep Insomnia-unable to sleep at least 3 nights/week Insomnia-unable to sleep at least 3 nights/week Narcolepsy-fall asleep without meaning to Narcolepsy-fall asleep without meaning to wI wI

Sleep apnea-stop breathing at night/obesity is a risk factor Sleep apnea-stop breathing at night/obesity is a risk factor

Incubus attacks/night terrors-happens in stage 4 sleep/more prevalent in small children/wake up screaming in total panic Incubus attacks/night terrors-happens in stage 4 sleep/more prevalent in small children/wake up screaming in total panic Sleepwalking-more common in small children/stage 4 sleep Sleepwalking-more common in small children/stage 4 sleep

Dreams Manifest content-storyline of a dream Manifest content-storyline of a dream Latent content-hidden meaning behind the dream, perhaps a hidden desire (wish fulfillment) Latent content-hidden meaning behind the dream, perhaps a hidden desire (wish fulfillment) Activation-synthesis theory-dreams are random firing of the brain at night and our mind’s attempt to make sense of it Activation-synthesis theory-dreams are random firing of the brain at night and our mind’s attempt to make sense of it Memory-REM is important in transferring short term to long term memory Memory-REM is important in transferring short term to long term memory

REM Rebound-increased REM after period of sleep deprivation. REM Rebound-increased REM after period of sleep deprivation. Nightmares-bad dreams in REM sleep Nightmares-bad dreams in REM sleep

Hypnosis What is it? Deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility What is it? Deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility How is it achieved? Deep relaxation and focus How is it achieved? Deep relaxation and focus How can we explain it? Either a social phenomenon or divided consciousness How can we explain it? Either a social phenomenon or divided consciousness

Does it work? YES! Does it work? YES! Effective for pain prevention Effective for pain prevention Can help with quitting habits based on a post- hypnotic suggestion if the person truly wants to quit Can help with quitting habits based on a post- hypnotic suggestion if the person truly wants to quit sBPki0Ys sBPki0Ys sBPki0Ys sBPki0Ys

Drugs and Consciousness Tolerance-need more of a drug to have the original effect. Tolerance-need more of a drug to have the original effect. Withdrawal-negative symptoms following quitting a drug a person’s addicted to Withdrawal-negative symptoms following quitting a drug a person’s addicted to Psychological vs. physical dependence-mind vs. body Psychological vs. physical dependence-mind vs. body

Psychoactive Drugs Depressants- Depressants- Effects-slow heart rate and breathing Effects-slow heart rate and breathing Examples-barbituates, alcohol, opium, heroin Examples-barbituates, alcohol, opium, heroin Stimulants- Stimulants- Effects-speed up heart and breathing Effects-speed up heart and breathing Examples-cocaine, nicotine, coffee,meth Examples-cocaine, nicotine, coffee,meth Hallucinogens- Hallucinogens- Effects-alter perceptions Effects-alter perceptions Examples-LSD, “shrooms”, Angel Dust, MDMA (ecstasy) although it has dua hallucinogen/stimulant effects, marijuana Examples-LSD, “shrooms”, Angel Dust, MDMA (ecstasy) although it has dua hallucinogen/stimulant effects, marijuana