The Americas in the Age of Independence Chapter 30

Intro: The Building of American States U.S.: expansion, lots of diversity, issues -> Civil War Canada: independence without war, diversity, powerful provinces Latin America: very diverse, politically fragmented, problems

The U.S.: Westward Expansion and Civil War Gained land from Britain and France Manifest Destiny: expansion to Pacific – Conflicts with Native Americans: Indian Removal Act of 1830, Plains Indians Tension with Mexico: Mexican-American War over Texas -> gained lots of territory Regional tension: slavery, north/south, new territories

The U.S. Civil War Abraham Lincoln is anti-slavery, but there are other issues (states’ rights, consequences, dual economies) : southern states secede and isolate -> war 1863: Emancipation Proclamation 1865: 13 th amendment abolished slavery Results: ended slavery, ensured unification, enhanced federal gov’t’s authority

The Canadian Dominion Brief history: colonized by British and French trappers -> New France -> British (after 7 Years War), but more French until loyalists fled the U.S. and lots of tension War of 1812: US vs. Britain, with Canada as front line (invasion failed) Rapid growth: English migrants = more tension with French

The Canadian Dominion (cont.) : Britain expanded home rule and increased provincial gov’t power (=model for British imperialism and self-rule) 1867: unified eastern areas as Dominion of Canada (with strong provincial gov’ts and federal gov’t)

Latin America Bolivar had tried to unify but failed Post-indep. gov’ts: republics with constitutions run by creole elites (less experience in self-gov’t than U.S.) In some, stability was elusive Non-creoles had no role in gov’t; showed discontent through rebellion Also tension between liberals/conservatives, centralists/federalists, secularists/Catholics

Latin America (cont.) Conflicts with indigenous: elites took land; either assimilated or moved to marginal areas Caudillos: regional military leaders gained power as they maintained order through violence, plus charisma

Mexico Various gov’ts: monarchy, republic, caudillo Political turmoil allowed General Santa Anna to take power -> opposition “La reforma” to limit Catholic Church, increase middle class -> new constitution with universal male suffrage, land reform 1861: President Juarez stopped paying loans -> France invaded, but was defeated 5/5/1862

Mexico (cont.) : Mexican Revolution – middle class, peasants, and workers tried to overthrow dictator (Porfirio Diaz) over land issues -> guerrilla warfare led by Zapata and Pancho Villa (‘tierra y libertad’) -> failed to take cities, and lack of resources = failure But, new constitution addressed some concerns (land, universal suffrage, education, minimum wage/maximum hours, foreign ownership restrictions) -> not implemented right away, though

Intro: American Economic Development 2 major influences shaped economic development: mass migration and British investment U.S. and Canada: industrialized Latin America: struggled, plantations/cash crops, slaves -> debt peonage/sharecropping

Migration to the Americas Included Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans (to the U.S.) Pull factors: gold rushes, factory, railroad, plantation jobs, support services All brought their cultures with them U.S. factories: wanted low-wage, unskilled workers – Mid 1800s: Europeans - some stayed in eastern industrial cities, some moved west for land; Chinese – in west for gold and railroads – Late 1800s: settled in eastern cities to work in textile factories

Migration to the Americas (cont.) Latin American plantations needed workers after abolition Europeans to Argentina and Brazil, Chinese to Cuba, Indians to Caribbean, Chinese and Japanese to Peru and Hawai’i

Economic Expansion in the U.S. British capital supported development of textile industry, mining operations, factories, railroads They needed new investment opportunities Railroads: – Space: linked vast country and its resources with huge environmental impact – Time: scheduling problems -> time zones

Economic Growth in the U.S : huge economic development New products -> consumer demand -> more expansion Also, emergence of labor unions and strikes: good for workers, not good for industrialists

Canadian Prosperity also industrialized with aid of British investments After Dominion formed, gov’t started National Policy to economically develop: attract migrants, protect industry, build transport system – Railroad -> conflict with indigenous peoples and trappers By late 19 th /early 20 th centuries: economic boom in agriculture, minerals, and industrial production Also, increasing U.S. investment -> more interdependence

Latin American Investments Little industrial or economic development due to colonial legacies: relied on European items controlled by local creole elites -> no incentive to change British investment: wanted profit and control, not industrialization (e.g., beef); -> urbanization

Latin American Investments (cont.) Attempts at industrialization: limited success Mexico: Dictator P. Diaz – railroad, telegraph, mining, textiles, steel, etc.; modernized Mexico City But, profits were not reinvested; went to foreigners and elites -> 1910 revolution

Latin American Investments (cont.) By late 1800s: economic expansion based on key exports per country (e.g., Mexico – copper and silver, Argentine – beef and wheat, Brazil – rubber and coffee, etc.), but profits were limited Why didn’t they develop like U.S.? Foreign control of econ. and political instability -> slow growth

Intro: American Cultural and Social Diversity Lots of diversity in the Americas Conflict (ethnic, social class, race, gender) Lack of cultural cohesion Conflict between Enlightenment ideals and reality for Native Americans, African-Americans, recent migrants, and women -> repression

Societies in the U.S. By late 19 th century, very multicultural, but political and economic power belonged to Euro-Am white elite males -> tension and conflict Native peoples: reservations, then further marginalization; sought to assimilate them by destroying their culture; resistance and identity Freed slaves: during reconstruction – civil and political rights; after -> sharecroppers, few rights, Jim Crow, segregation

Societies in the U.S. (cont.) Women: more education and employment opportunities, but little econ or pol progress Migrants: -> cultural diversity, hostility from native-born whites, concentration in districts -> de facto segregation, restrictive immigration policies

Canadian Cultural Contrasts Ethnic diversity: British and French tension, plus indigenous, freed slaves, Chinese migrants, and later more migrants (Euro, U.S., E. Euro.) 1870s-80s: westward expansion threatened natives and metis -> rebellion

Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America Hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity and skin color: top - creoles, middle - mestizos, mulattoes, zambas, castizos, and bottom – indigenous, freed slaves and descendants Migration led to more diversity, especially in large numbers Gauchos: symbol of Latin American identity Male domination: machismo Female role in home and marketplace, and revolutions